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Here, a biomimetic tracheal graft (BTG) is developed through a hybrid process of 3D printing and electrospinning using polycaprolactone (PCL)polymer. First, a flexible PCL tracheal frame with a high rotation angle is prepared using 3D printing. Second, PCL nanofibers for mucosal reconstruction are placed inside the lumen, and PCL microfibers are placed on the outside of the frame to promote blood vessel formation. Air\u2013liquid interface cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells on the nanofibers demonstrated the generation of epithelium, goblet cells, and ciliated cells after 14 days. Chondrocyte cultures and co\u2010cultures of chondrocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells confirmed higher cell attachment and survival on the BTG than on the conventional tracheal graft (CTG). In a rabbit tracheal defect model, transplantation of the BTG and CTG revealed smooth cell infiltration and proliferation in the BTG, leading to the formation of epithelial, vascular, and connective tissues after 8 weeks without tracheal obstruction. These results demonstrate that the transplantation of cell\u2010free biomimetic grafts alone is effective for reconstructing damaged tracheal tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202404648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T02:59:41Z","timestamp":1744599581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cell\u2010Free Biomimetic Tracheal Graft via Hybrid 3D Printing for Enhanced Tracheal Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Young Su","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine College of Medicine Gachon University  155, Gaetbeol\u2010ro, Yeonsu\u2010ku Incheon 21999 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Hwa","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postech\u2010Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea  222 Banpo\u2010daero, Seocho\u2010gu Seoul 06591 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seon Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Gil Medical Center College of Medicine Gachon University  21, Namdong\u2010daero 774 Beon\u2010gil, Namdong\u2010gu Incheon 21565 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Ji","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postech\u2010Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea  222 Banpo\u2010daero, Seocho\u2010gu Seoul 06591 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuk Hui","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Gil Medical Center College of Medicine Gachon University  21, Namdong\u2010daero 774 Beon\u2010gil, Namdong\u2010gu Incheon 21565 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4245-9381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine College of Medicine Gachon University  155, Gaetbeol\u2010ro, Yeonsu\u2010ku Incheon 21999 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postech\u2010Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea  222 Banpo\u2010daero, Seocho\u2010gu Seoul 06591 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea  222 Banpo\u2010daero, Seocho\u2010gu Seoul 06591 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/term.3019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.07.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"The top 10 causes of death; available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/the\u2010top\u201010\u2010causes\u2010of\u2010death (accessed: August2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/chronic\u2010obstructive\u2010pulmonary\u2010disease\u2010(copd) (accessed: March2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"2018","volume":"46","author":"Brodsky M. 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