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However, conventional systems remain limited in behavioral neuroscience due to low spatial resolution and reliance on tethered setups. Here, a miniaturized, fully wireless tDCS system is presented that employs concentric electrodes (CEs) to enable focal cortical stimulation in freely moving mice. Electric field simulations confirm that the CE design more effectively restricts current spread compared to conventional electrode configurations. The CEs, fabricated using a flexible printed circuit board process, conform to the curvature of the mouse skull, ensuring stable contact and precise stimulation. The wireless system weighs 2.64\u00a0g and integrates a boost converter capable of delivering an 11\u00a0V stimulation output, along with a Bluetooth\u2010controlled switching circuit. This compact design supports chronic implantation without restricting movement. Behavioral validation demonstrates that targeted stimulation of the left or right secondary motor cortex (M2) selectively induces direction\u2010specific circling behavior in mice. These findings underscore the system's ability to deliver spatially confined and behaviorally effective neuromodulation. Overall, the CE\u2010tDCS system offers a robust and high\u2010resolution platform for investigating the causal relationships between localized brain stimulation and behavior in untethered animal models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202501903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T10:35:26Z","timestamp":1754908526000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Miniaturized Wireless tDCS With Concentric Electrodes for Targeted Cortical Stimulation in Freely Moving Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Minseok","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering College of IT Engineering Kyungpook National University  Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sehwan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering College of IT Engineering Kyungpook National University  Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haeyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering College of IT Engineering Kyungpook National University  Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giheon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering College of IT Engineering Kyungpook National University  Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namsun","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emotion, Cognition &amp; Behavior Research Group Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI)  Daegu 41062 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3784-2717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyogeun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering College of IT Engineering Kyungpook National University  Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering College of IT Engineering Kyungpook National University  Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13541"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00711"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2005.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"147","volume":"9","author":"Chaieb L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behav. 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