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Traditional treatments primarily focus on symptom management rather than addressing the underlying causes, such as the decline in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and reduced extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Cell therapy shows promise by replenishing NP cells, activating resident cells, and enhancing ECM deposition. However, the harsh microenvironment of IDD can hinder the survival of transplanted cells. Biocompatible hydrogels, with their ECM\u2010like properties, provide controlled delivery of therapeutics and biologics, creating a supportive environment for cell therapy and demonstrating strong regenerative potential. This review covers an overview of fundamental concepts underlying IDD progression, current clinical treatments, and the potential of stem\/progenitor cell therapy. 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