{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:20:23Z","timestamp":1786976423303,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102022\u2010KH125686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102022\u2010KH125686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102023\u2010KH136924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102023\u2010KH136924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102024\u201000345402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102024\u201000345402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102023\u201000225125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102023\u201000225125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102024\u201000427361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102024\u201000427361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Adv Healthcare Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The growing demand for personalized and real\u2010time health assessment has driven rapid advancements in wearable health monitoring technologies. A critical shift is underway from reactive, treatment\u2010centered care toward proactive, preventive healthcare models, motivating efforts to observe internal physiological states more accurately from outside the body. This review presents wearable monitoring technologies for evaluating internal organ function, focusing on two principal approaches: indirect sensing\u2010based methods and direct imaging\u2010based methods. Indirect methods utilize surrogate signals\u2014including electrophysiological activity, physical responses, and biochemical markers\u2014to infer physiological states. To address the limitations of single\u2010modality sensing, recent developments in multimodal systems that integrate electrical, chemical, and physical signals are also highlighted. However, indirect approaches based on biomarkers are often insufficient for diagnostic applications that require direct visualization of organ structure and function. Therefore, this review further explores direct imaging technologies, such as wearable ultrasound and electrical impedance tomography (EIT), which offer more immediate insights into internal biological conditions. By combining indirect and direct strategies, wearable systems are evolving beyond surface\u2010level monitoring to enable internal visualization and functional assessment of organs. This review outlines the key enabling technologies and discusses their potential to advance participatory, personalized, and precision healthcare through continuous and context\u2010aware monitoring platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202502480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T09:56:10Z","timestamp":1754474170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Seeing inside the Body Using Wearable Sensing and Imaging Technologies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3357-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0560-5776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8023-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sehwan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1503-0731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jahyun","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-023-00261-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-052422-020437"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/22911"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12121069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-019-2608-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2023.3342150"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031182"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05498-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202109055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202001938"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246-024-00490-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122865"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62097-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25152-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-023-00279-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117353"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-018-00093-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48682-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006-56.2.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40763-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02637-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150775"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202412726"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105690"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00319-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232726"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","volume":"1","author":"Greene D. N.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-021-00191-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04323-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44751-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"46","volume":"15","author":"Noushad S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","volume":"15","author":"Kumari Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-024-00333-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01513-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00290"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-7364-6-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c05452"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116284"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c12072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.154823"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba3252"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246-024-00480-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c23878"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu2142"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11650"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01095-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-017-1745-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0321-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-023-01116-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2009.01554.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00869-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43189-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00013644-200312000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7754-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030687"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-018-0642-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05003-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh5325"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-023-01068-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo2542"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk8426"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0287-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00763-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01800-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07381-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-024-01279-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-024-01271-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_509_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2014.05.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/JMU.JMU_11_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863x06070516"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12111806"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2017.08.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69415-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24330-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.Yao Y.Wu D.Jiang R.Bayford A.Demosthenous inProceedings of the 2023 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) IEEE Toronto ON Canada 2023 1.","DOI":"10.1109\/BioCAS58349.2023.10388679"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","volume":"72","author":"Sun J. T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-27060-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abq3544"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99132-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10616"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1486789"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2020.3008831"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-018-0526-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00685-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2857199"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab668f"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab8ccd"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr9139"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202420501"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202407329"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202411331"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202416984"}],"container-title":["Advanced Healthcare Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/adhm.202502480","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T06:56:22Z","timestamp":1764053782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/adhm.202502480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/adhm.202502480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adhm.202502480","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-2640","2192-2659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-2640","type":"print"},{"value":"2192-2659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02480"}}