{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T14:23:59Z","timestamp":1788013439236,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82371144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020737","name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14DZ2260300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14DZ2260300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Adv Healthcare Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Acute otitis media (AOM) is a prevalent pediatric bacterial infection that is conventionally managed with prolonged oral antibiotic regimens. However, the therapeutic efficacy of this approach is increasingly compromised by the emergence of antibiotic resistance and bacterial biofilms. This study presents a novel multifunctional hydrogel, synthesized through the cross\u2010linking of quaternary chitosan (QCS) with protocatechualdehyde (PA), to address these challenges. The QCS\u2010PA hydrogel exhibits robust antibacterial activity against\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), effectively disrupting bacterial membranes and biofilms in vitro. For the in vivo studies using\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010induced and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)\u2010induced AOM animal models, the hydrogel significantly reduces bacterial burden within middle ear fluid and disrupts biofilms adhering to the middle ear mucosa. A single intratympanic administration of the hydrogel further demonstrates pronounced anti\u2010inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, evidenced by the suppression of inflammatory cell infiltration, the downregulation of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines levels, and the polarization of macrophages from the pro\u2010inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti\u2010inflammatory M2 phenotype. Transcriptome analyses reveal the downregulation of key inflammatory genes and associated signaling pathways, especially interleukin 17\u00a0(IL\u201017)\u2010mediated inflammation signaling. Collectively, these findings establish the specific QCS\u2010PA hydrogel as an efficient drug\u2010free biomaterial for AOM therapy, offering multifunctional biofilm disruption and immune modulation without reliance on conventional antibiotics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202502562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T01:34:30Z","timestamp":1751852070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Engineering Injectable, Adhesive, and Drug\u2010Free Hydrogel for Efficient Acute Otitis Media Treatment by Biofilm Disruption and Immune Modulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qingjun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai 200011 China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases  Shanghai 200011 China"},{"name":"Biobank of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai 200011 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materdicine Lab School of Life Sciences Shanghai University  Shanghai 200444 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materdicine Lab School of Life Sciences Shanghai University  Shanghai 200444 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dehong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materdicine Lab School of Life Sciences Shanghai University  Shanghai 200444 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8206-3325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materdicine Lab School of Life Sciences Shanghai University  Shanghai 200444 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai 200011 China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases  Shanghai 200011 China"},{"name":"Biobank of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai 200011 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","first-page":"36","volume":"25","author":"GBD 2021 Upper Respiratory Infections Otitis Media Collaborators","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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