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However, hindered by the lack of stretchable, large\u2010area electrode arrays capable of spanning the entire back, existing studies have primarily focused on the erector spinae and multifidus muscles in the lower back. Here, we report a large\u2010area, stretchable high\u2010density surface electromyography (HD\u2010sEMG) electrode array designed to cover both lower and upper back regions, enabling comprehensive characterization of back muscle activity in CLBP patients. The array comprises 64 channels arranged in a half\u2010dumbbell configuration, inspired by the anatomical distribution of the erector spinae and multifidus muscles. Notably, this array demonstrates unprecedented operability, scalability for mass production, and reliable data acquisition capabilities. 128\u2010channel HD\u2010sEMG signals were acquired from both healthy controls and CLBP patients during the Biering\u2010S\u00f8rensen test, a standardized lumbar endurance protocol. Statistical analyses of sEMG\u2010derived metrics and topographic maps revealed significant intergroup differences in muscle activity, as well as regional variations between the lower back, upper back, and full\u2010back segments, particularly in contraction time and fatigue\u2010related metric changes. These findings offer novel insights into the neuromuscular dysfunction in CLBP, potentially illuminating the underlying physiological adaptations associated with CLBP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202504815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T06:38:58Z","timestamp":1769063938000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Back Muscle Activities in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients Using a Large\u2010Area Stretchable Electrode Array With Full\u2010Back Coverage"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chongyuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Translational Neuroelectronics  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province State Key Laboratory of Brain\u2010Machine Intelligence Department of Engineering Mechanics Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science College of Education Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province State Key Laboratory of Brain\u2010Machine Intelligence Department of Engineering Mechanics Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine) Zhejiang Chinese Medical University  Hangzhou 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College of Education Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuobing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Translational Neuroelectronics  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8522-9298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province State Key Laboratory of Brain\u2010Machine Intelligence Department of Engineering Mechanics Zhejiang University  Hangzhou 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