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We report an HA hydrogel embedding chitosan (CS) nano\u2010structurally reprogramming MoS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/hemoglobin (HB) in which CS builds \u201cprotonic tracks\u201d\u2014a fixed\u2010charge (cationic) polyelectrolyte network that routes photocharges\/protons away from MoS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    active sites, lowers interfacial resistance, and multidentately anchors MoS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/HB to prevent aggregation and preserve HB function. Colloidal screening identifies MoS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    :CS:HB = 1:1:3, minimizing size and stabilizing \u03b6\u2010potential. Under 808\u2010nm light, the composite reaches \u223c39\u00b0C (vs. \u223c37\u00b0C without CS), accelerates Prussian Blue bleaching, strengthens resazurin H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    signals, and increases dissolved O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\u223c7.5\u00a0vs. \u223c5.3\u00a0mg L\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), evidencing rail\u2010guided photocatalysis wherein photothermal elevation is tightly coupled to charge\/proton transport and gas generation. In vivo, FITC\u2010labeled formulations accumulate in the pancreas. Treatment with MoS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/CS\/HB@HA under NIR irradiation reduces blood glucose levels without inducing histological toxicity and promotes islet remodeling, as evidenced by enhanced EdU incorporation, upregulated insulin expression, an increased M2\/M1 macrophage ratio, reduced ROS levels, and elevated HSP expression. Collectively, the proton\u2010conductive pathways provided by CS transform the hydrogel into an NIR\u2010responsive, interfacially stabilized bioreactor that integrates MoS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010mediated photoelectrothermal transduction with HB\u2010assisted oxygen handling. This compact, externally controllable platform demonstrates strong potential as an adjunctive strategy for diabetes management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202504893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T06:56:30Z","timestamp":1773989790000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rail\u2010Guided Chitosan Nano\u2010reorchestration of MoS\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    and Hemoglobin Enables NIR Photoelectrothermal H\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    \/O\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Generation in a Pancreas\u2010Targeted Hydrogel"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1593-4573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew E.\u2010Y.","family":"Chuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center Taipei Medical University, Wan Fang Hospital Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Precision Medicine and Translational Cancer Research Center Taipei Medical University Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan\u2010Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo\u2010Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University  Taipei 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