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However, many photothermal strategies utilize dispersed nanoparticles randomly accumulated on target locations and do not demonstrate millisecond\u2010scale thermal dynamics. Herein, a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropillar array with gold nanorods (GNRs), immobilized at the pillar tips, is introduced to create a deterministic and conformal platform that spatially localizes photothermal transduction at the neuron\u2013device interface. Using infrared thermography with millisecond resolution, we map the rapid heating events at the pillar tips following near\u2010infrared (NIR) pulse stimulation. This provides, to our knowledge, the first experimental verification of such rapid transients in GNR\u2010based neuromodulation. Finite element modeling shows that the photothermal response is spatially confined, producing physiologically relevant temperature increase of 2\u20136\u00b0C, sufficient to modulate neuronal activities while minimizing off\u2010target heating. Retinal progenitor cells cultured on these arrays demonstrate biocompatibility, proliferating and adapting morphologically by extending dendrites and attaching to the interface, while exhibiting consistent calcium responses under NIR actuation. These confirm both biocompatibility and functional activation. Together, these results establish a new class of deterministic, conformal, and light\u2010addressable photothermal interfaces for high\u2010resolution retinal prostheses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202505652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T05:21:09Z","timestamp":1775452869000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tip\u2010Functionalized Gold Nanorod Micropillar Arrays for Millisecond\u2010Resolved Photothermal Neuromodulation Toward Retinal Prosthetic Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7825-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nafis","family":"Mustakim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering The City College of New York  New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory","family":"Fitton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehman College of the City University of New York  Bronx New York USA"},{"name":"The City University of New York Biochemistry PhD program The Graduate Center  New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie Gunther","family":"Cummins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Macaluso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Redenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehman College of the City University of New York  Bronx New York USA"},{"name":"The City University of New York Biochemistry PhD program The Graduate Center  New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5744-1216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang\u2010Woo","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering The City College of New York  New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246\u2010021\u201000133\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741\u20102552\/acb295"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565\u2010023\u201001587\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.898865"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010020\u20100520\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. 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X.Mendes S.Duchi et\u00a0al. \u201cWired for success: Probing the Effect of Tissue\u2010Engineered Neural Interface Substrates on Cell Viability\u201dACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering10no.6(2024):3775\u20133791.","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c08543"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TC04010G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202411725"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2023.105115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c07663"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201400599"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5020775"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c14061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03703"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR01697F"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135782"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12177\u2010008\u20109005\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.Saigal E.Cimetta N.Tandon et\u00a0al. \u201cElectrical Stimulation via a Biocompatible Conductive Polymer Directs Retinal Progenitor Cell Differentiation \u201d in2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)(IEEE 2013).","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2013.6609828"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.02.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525\u20101594.2003.07307.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b05192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jnt3020008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N.Mustakim L. 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