{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:33:12Z","timestamp":1789191192511,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["525793193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["525793193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Adv Healthcare Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Intravenous injection of engineered material dispersions into the bloodstream of laboratory animals has been a popular method for in vivo immunosuppression. It is also one of the primary approaches for delivering immunosuppressive and anti\u2010inflammatory drugs within the early stages of donor cell\/organ transplantation. Due to their systemic interaction with blood circulation and immune cells, the administration is reported to act effectively in suppressing host immune responses. Recent studies on immunomodulatory nanomaterials, including MXenes, have reported their potential for immunosuppression and post\u2010transplantation applications. In particular, MXene nanosheets and quantum dots of specific composition\/form possess immunosuppressive properties that prevent stem\/progenitor cell and cardiac transplant rejection, including the treatment of allograft vasculopathy, an accelerated form of atherosclerosis in organ recipients. Despite these promising in vivo findings, concerns regarding long\u2010term blood nanotoxicity or particle accumulation in circulatory organs, such as the heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs, as well as the associated risks of metabolic changes and other potential adverse biological pathways, remain challenging for clinical applications. This opinion perspective proposes the rational concept of gavage administration of bile acid\u2010modified MXenes, which may alleviate these risks while retaining their intrinsic immunosuppressive roles. It also presents novel density functional theory calculations for cholic acid surface modification to enhance MXenes\u2019 immune\u2010suppressive properties and synergistically interact with gut beneficial microbiomes for smart interaction, bringing this nanobiotechnology closer to real\u2010world scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.71055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T14:53:48Z","timestamp":1773845628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Opinion: Gavage Administration of MXene as a Route\u2010Specific Alternative to Intravenous Injection into the Bloodstream of Laboratory Animals for Reducing Systemic Nanotoxicity Risks in Immunosuppression and Post\u2010Transplantation Models with Bile Acid Modification"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5312-0900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Rafieerad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Biosciences Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universit\u00e4t  Frankfurt am Main Germany"},{"name":"Canada\u2010Italy Tissue Engineering Laboratory Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8505-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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