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To address these issues, a novel sprayable self\u2010gelling powder composed of polyacrylic acid (PAA), quaternized\u00a0chitosan (QCS) and puerarin (PUE) is developed, which can absorb saliva quickly and form a hydrogel patch in situ at the ulcer site through hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions. More importantly, this hydrogel patch undergoes phase separation under excessive flowing saliva and spontaneously converts into a hierarchical structure with a non\u2010adhesive top PUE layer and an adhesive bottom PAA\/QCS\/PUE layer, avoiding unexpected adhesion between the hydrogel patch and adjacent tissues except oral ulcer site. In addition, this hierarchical hydrogel patch also exhibits excellent antibacterial and anti\u2010inflammatory properties, as proven by the universal antibacterial performance toward multiple bacteria, high reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity and promotion of macrophages from M1 to M2 types. Owing to the synergism among good one\u2010sided tissue adhesion, antibacterial and anti\u2010inflammatory properties, in vivo wound healing of rabbit oral mucosa defect can be realized efficiently using self\u2010gelling PAA\/QCS\/PUE powders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.71232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T09:18:27Z","timestamp":1778059107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["One\u2010Step Formation of Hierarchical Hydrogel Patch by Self\u2010Gelling and Phase Separation Promotes Oral Ulcer Treatment via One\u2010Sided Tissue Adhesion, Antibacterial, and Anti\u2010Inflammatory Properties"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology  Guangzhou P. R. 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