{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T08:16:15Z","timestamp":1788509775890,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Adv Healthcare Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is highly prevalent and aggressive in China, with conventional therapies causing significant morbidity. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) kills tumor cells via photosensitizer\u2010mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS), representing an effective tumor treatment. However, its efficacy is severely impaired by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, we synthesized multifunctional carbon dots (SN\u2010CDs) from the traditional Chinese herb\n                    <jats:italic>Solanum nigrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    via hydrothermal method. SN\u2010CDs (particle size: 1.9 \u00b1 0.3\u00a0nm) are rich in hydroxyl and amino groups, with an oxygen generation rate of approximately 2.61\u00a0ppm\/min in vitro. They can efficiently decompose endogenous hydrogen peroxide in the tumor microenvironment, thereby alleviating tumor hypoxia. Under 635\u00a0nm laser irradiation, they generate ROS (\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , \u00b7OH). In vitro, SN\u2010CDs induce apoptosis in ESCC cells (EC9706\/EC109) and regulate HIF\u20101 pathway (downregulate VEGFA, upregulate CDKN1B). In vivo, SN\u2010CD\u2010mediated PDT reduces ESCC xenograft volume by 60% with no obvious systemic toxicity observed in vivo. Thus, SN\u2010CDs are a natural, multifunctional nanoplatform that alleviates tumor hypoxia to enhance PDT efficacy, promising for minimally invasive ESCC treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.71540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T03:55:32Z","timestamp":1785988532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Solanum nigrum<\/i>\n                    \u2010Derived Carbon Dots Alleviate Tumor Hypoxia to Potentiate Photodynamic Therapy in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sheng\u2010Nan","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metabolic Dysregulation &amp; Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang\u2010Song","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Materials and Devices Key Laboratory of Material Physics Ministry of Education School of Physics Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metabolic Dysregulation &amp; Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4738-0899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin\u2010Ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metabolic Dysregulation &amp; Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5991-9125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen\u2010Yao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metabolic Dysregulation &amp; Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metabolic Dysregulation &amp; Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen\u2010Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metabolic Dysregulation &amp; Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Shi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metabolic Dysregulation &amp; Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin\u2010Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metabolic Dysregulation &amp; Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8852-8453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Materials and Devices Key Laboratory of Material Physics Ministry of Education School of Physics Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi\u2010Sen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metabolic Dysregulation &amp; Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Health Medicine and Liver Disease Prevention &amp; Treatment  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences  Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Precision Diagnosis &amp; 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