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Covalent attachment of the phosphorescent probe within the matrix prevents its leaching from the gel. Changing the size\/generation of the dendrimer surrounding the phosphorescent center enables tuning of\n                    <jats:italic>Oxygel<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensitivity, while varying the ratio between the probe and neutral cross\u2010linker helps to optimize\n                    <jats:italic>Oxygel<\/jats:italic>\n                    performance. Upon implantation into tissue,\n                    <jats:italic>Oxygels<\/jats:italic>\n                    induced only a moderate initial foreign body response with minimal macrophage recruitment. The performance of the\n                    <jats:italic>Oxygels<\/jats:italic>\n                    in CELI was evaluated using electron pulses from a linear accelerator (linac) for Cherenkov excitation. Robust phosphorescence decays were detected from\n                    <jats:italic>Oxygel<\/jats:italic>\n                    s implanted subcutaneously or abdominally in mice in vivo using peripheral detectors upon excitation by clinical radiation doses (up to 10\u00a0Gy) delivered in FLASH mode. The resulting decay time constants provide quantitative information about tissue oxygenation at the site of\n                    <jats:italic>Oxygel<\/jats:italic>\n                    implantation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.71586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T05:36:59Z","timestamp":1786599419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Oxygels<\/i>\n                    : Tunable Phosphorescent Hydrogels for Cherenkov\u2010Excited Luminescence Imaging (CELI) of Oxygen"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9928-7990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simin","family":"Belali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry School of Arts and Sciences University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marien Iliza Ochoa","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics School of Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College  Hanover NH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics School of Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College  Hanover NH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danylo","family":"Mykhalchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry School of Arts and Sciences University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Michigan Medical School  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3126-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel D.","family":"Boerckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian W.","family":"Pogue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics School of Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College  Hanover NH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4649-5534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei A.","family":"Vinogradov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry School of Arts and Sciences University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00544.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00352.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021\u20109258(18)45596\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3420417"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Designing Dendrimers","author":"Vinogradov S. 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