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However, its biomedical translation is limited by unfavorable pharmacokinetics, systemic exposure, and hydrolytic instability of free Ga\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    under physiological conditions. Hydrogels offer a versatile strategy by stabilizing gallium species, enhancing local retention, regulating release, and providing tissue\u2010compatible interfaces and microenvironmental modulation. This review focuses on how hydrogel design can stabilize different gallium species, control their local availability, and improve therapeutic performance across distinct pathological microenvironments. We summarize gallium bioactivity and speciation, classify gallium\u2010containing hydrogels according to gallium incorporation and network interactions, and analyze how network architecture, coordination chemistry, degradation, and external stimuli govern retention and release. Emerging applications include infected wound and biofilm treatment, bone repair, localized cancer therapy, and other site\u2010specific interventions. We further discuss iron competition, immune regulation, cytotoxicity, liquid\u2010metal stability, and translational barriers, and outline directions for mechanism\u2010guided and quantitatively standardized gallium\u2010hydrogel design.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.71726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:57:36Z","timestamp":1789707456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stabilizing and Programming Gallium in Hydrogels: From Iron\u2010Mimetic Bioactivity to Localized Therapeutic Function"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4635-0351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boao","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoke","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisha","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6045-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &amp; School of Basic Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9554-9527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuexin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067404"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c9ra01168d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.119323"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146531"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c01072"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2024.103210"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.12.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2021.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.12.69"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"1311","article-title":"Gallium Nitrate: The Second Metal With Clinical Activity","volume":"70","author":"Foster B. 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