{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:51:54Z","timestamp":1791345114517,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200021_219663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200021_219663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Adv Healthcare Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mechanical forces shape brain development and contribute to pathological conditions such as traumatic brain injury. However, their direct effects on neural electrophysiology remain difficult to elucidate. Here, we introduce a multimodal system capable of delivering controlled mechanical actuation to brain spheroids while simultaneously recording their spontaneous electrophysiological activity. The platform enables culturing spheroids onto kirigami\u2010patterned stretchable thin\u2010film microelectrode arrays over multiple days. The array reliably records spontaneous spheroid activity and sustains uniaxial mechanical stimulation with controlled elongation and speed, ranging from manual precision stretching to high\u2010velocity impacts. We capture spheroid deformation during slow stretch (\u223c100\u00a0\u00b5m\/s) and detect acute electrophysiological changes following high\u2010velocity stimulation (\u223c1\u20132 m\/s). This multimodal platform establishes a foundational system for systematic in vitro investigations of how mechanical forces regulate functional activity in 3D tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.71788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:32:12Z","timestamp":1791343932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stretchable Microelectrode Arrays for Electro\u2010Mechanical Probing of Brain Spheroids"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2995-5167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory For Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces Neuro\u2010X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-3257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Furfaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory For Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces Neuro\u2010X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5607-8493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavius","family":"Timis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory For Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces Neuro\u2010X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0682-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Laboratory HEPIA HES\u2010SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4858-995X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tala","family":"El Kaissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory For Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces Neuro\u2010X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desir\u00e9e","family":"Maul\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory For Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces Neuro\u2010X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5800-0744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurine","family":"Kolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory For Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces Neuro\u2010X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0349-4993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"B\u00e4r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory For Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces Neuro\u2010X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"R\u00f6llin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory For Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces Neuro\u2010X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1052-9699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory For Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces Neuro\u2010X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Nikles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Laboratory HEPIA HES\u2010SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Delaup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory For Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces Neuro\u2010X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Delgrange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory For Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces Neuro\u2010X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loris","family":"Gomez Baisac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Laboratory HEPIA HES\u2010SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2648-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc","family":"Stoppini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Laboratory HEPIA HES\u2010SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7618-6129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrien","family":"Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Laboratory HEPIA HES\u2010SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7121-9825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Schiavone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory For Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces Neuro\u2010X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9075-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"P. Lacour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory For Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces Neuro\u2010X Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392\u2010023\u201001501\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2025.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11659-0_4","volume-title":"Trauma Biomechanics: An Introduction to Injury Biomechanics","author":"Schmitt K.\u2010U.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08499"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886\u2010022\u201002592\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.325"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2005.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"319","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","author":"Schmitt S.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741\u20102560\/2\/4\/011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3667"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517\u2010010\u20100644\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0810"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z.Yu O.Graudejus S. P.Lacour S.Wagner andB.Morrison \u201cNeural Sensing of Electrical Activity With Stretchable Microelectrode Arrays \u201dAnnual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference 2009(2009):4210\u20134213.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5333791"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201051541\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12517","article-title":"Cerebral Organoids Model Human Brain Development and Microcephaly","volume":"501","author":"Lancaster M. A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201022952\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102683","article-title":"Modeling Traumatic Brain Injury in Human Cerebral Organoids","volume":"10","author":"Ramirez S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.048916"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201040431\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1189615"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b02512"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587\u2010023\u201002081\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121825"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201048452\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202412953"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax9487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2017.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2016.06.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165\u20100270(91)90128\u2010M"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010019\u20100350\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741\u20102552\/abf607"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2021.3097833"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1389580"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.582650"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201054874\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00775.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","unstructured":"Tension Systems | Flexcell\u00ae International Corporationhttps:\/\/www.flexcellint.com\/product\u2010systems\/tension."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","unstructured":"Cell Stretching Systems Strex Cell https:\/\/strexcell.com\/cell\u2010stretching\u2010system\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115223","article-title":"A Mesh Microelectrode Array for Non\u2010Invasive Electrophysiology Within Neural Organoids","volume":"228","author":"McDonald M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosensors & Bioelectronics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201014937\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439\u2010011\u20100319\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551\u2010021\u201000841\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.54999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2004.839328"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976604774201631"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010019\u20100686\u20102"}],"container-title":["Advanced Healthcare Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/adhm.71788","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/adhm.71788","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/adhm.71788","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:32:15Z","timestamp":1791343935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/adhm.71788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/adhm.71788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adhm.71788","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-2640","2192-2659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-2640","type":"print"},{"value":"2192-2659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71788"}}