{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:45:36Z","timestamp":1791978336737,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":242,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007493","name":"University of Colorado Boulder","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007493","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Adv Healthcare Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Amino acid (AA)\u2010based biomolecular materials, including AAs, peptides, proteins, and their co\u2010assembled systems, are emerging as an extraordinary material platform at the interface of materials science, biology, and electronics. As the molecular building blocks of life, these systems combine inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability with a remarkable ability to assemble into low\u2010symmetry crystalline structures that can exhibit piezoelectricity and related electromechanical functionalities. Despite their low thermal stability and weak intermolecular interactions, emerging mild and sustainable processing approaches for AA\u2010based biocrystals are opening transformative pathways toward bioelectronic devices that structurally, topologically, and mechanically mimic biological systems while enabling energy harvesting, sensing, electrostimulation, and other functional capabilities. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of arrays of AA\u2010based biocrystals, their scalable processing approaches, and enabled mechanoresponsive devices for biomedical applications. We begin by comprehensively introducing AA\u2010based materials and discussing their physicochemical properties. We then review the major approaches for large\u2010scale processing of AA\u2010based biocrystals, focusing on preserving crystal structures, controlling dipole alignment, as well as tailoring electromechanical properties. Representative biomedical devices and applications are discussed followingly. Finally, we identify the major challenges that remained in translating AA\u2010based materials toward practical applications and highlight the potential solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.71848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:50:31Z","timestamp":1791975031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Amino Acid\u2010Based Piezoelectric Biocrystals for Bioelectronics: Material Design, Scalable Processing, and Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6748-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9639-9510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishnu","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3798-9345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre\u2010Andre","family":"Cazade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Hamilton Institute Maynooth University  Maynooth Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6385-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7498-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Program University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2490-6","article-title":"Roles of Dietary Glycine, Proline, and Hydroxyproline in Collagen Synthesis and Animal Growth","volume":"50","author":"Li P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01569-3","article-title":"Amino Acid Metabolism in Health and Disease","volume":"8","author":"Ling Z.\u2010N.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-019-0647-0","article-title":"Processing of Collagen Based Biomaterials and the Resulting Materials Properties","volume":"18","author":"Meyer M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedical Engineering Online"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2020.06.036","article-title":"Metabolites Regulate Cell Signaling and Growth via Covalent Modification of Proteins","volume":"54","author":"Figlia G.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Developmental Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio759","article-title":"Ever\u2010Fluctuating Single Enzyme Molecules: Michaelis\u2010Menten Equation Revisited","volume":"2","author":"English B. 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