{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T10:39:34Z","timestamp":1792147174242,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,11]],"date-time":"2013-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The kesterite\u2010structured semiconductors Cu\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ZnSnS\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and Cu\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ZnSnSe\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    are drawing considerable attention recently as the active layers in earth\u2010abundant low\u2010cost thin\u2010film solar cells. The additional number of elements in these quaternary compounds, relative to binary and ternary semiconductors, results in increased flexibility in the material properties. Conversely, a large variety of intrinsic lattice defects can also be formed, which have important influence on their optical and electrical properties, and hence their photovoltaic performance. Experimental identification of these defects is currently limited due to poor sample quality. Here recent theoretical research on defect formation and ionization in kesterite materials is reviewed based on new systematic calculations, and compared with the better studied chalcopyrite materials CuGaSe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and CuInSe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Four features are revealed and highlighted: (i) the strong phase\u2010competition between the kesterites and the coexisting secondary compounds; (ii) the intrinsic p\u2010type conductivity determined by the high population of acceptor Cu\n                    <jats:sub>Zn<\/jats:sub>\n                    antisites and Cu vacancies, and their dependence on the Cu\/(Zn+Sn) and Zn\/Sn ratio; (iii) the role of charge\u2010compensated defect clusters such as [2Cu\n                    <jats:sub>Zn<\/jats:sub>\n                    +Sn\n                    <jats:sub>Zn<\/jats:sub>\n                    ], [V\n                    <jats:sub>Cu<\/jats:sub>\n                    +Zn\n                    <jats:sub>Cu<\/jats:sub>\n                    ] and [Zn\n                    <jats:sub>Sn<\/jats:sub>\n                    +2Zn\n                    <jats:sub>Cu<\/jats:sub>\n                    ] and their contribution to non\u2010stoichiometry; (iv) the electron\u2010trapping effect of the abundant [2Cu\n                    <jats:sub>Zn<\/jats:sub>\n                    +Sn\n                    <jats:sub>Zn<\/jats:sub>\n                    ] clusters, especially in Cu\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ZnSnS\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The calculated properties explain the experimental observation that Cu poor and Zn rich conditions (Cu\/(Zn+Sn) \u2248 0.8 and Zn\/Sn \u2248 1.2) result in the highest solar cell efficiency, as well as suggesting an efficiency limitation in Cu\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ZnSn(S,Se)\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells when the S composition is high.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201203146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,11]],"date-time":"2013-02-11T03:40:45Z","timestamp":1360554045000},"page":"1522-1539","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1471,"title":["Classification of Lattice Defects in the Kesterite Cu\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    ZnSnS\n                    <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    and Cu\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    ZnSnSe\n                    <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    Earth\u2010Abundant Solar Cell Absorbers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shiyou","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aron","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin\u2010Gao","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su\u2010Huai","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200904155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2010.11.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201100630"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2008.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.2156"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/801292"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201100140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3457172"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2008.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3681814"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3624827"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2011.01.142"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2010.06.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2010.12.099"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1736034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2012.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3697(58)90050-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3697(64)90176-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.27.2094"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","first-page":"1242","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th European PVSEC","author":"Friedlmeier T. 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