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Early recognition and treatment of RA is essential for achieving effective therapeutic outcome. NIR\u2010II photoacoustic (PA) molecular imaging (PMI) is emerging as a promising new strategy for effective diagnosis and treatment guidance of RA, owing to its high sensitivity and specificity at large penetration depth. Herein, an antirheumatic targeted drug tocilizumab (TCZ) is conjugated to polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) to develop the first NIR\u2010II theranostic nanoplatform, named TCZ\u2010PNPs, for PA\u2010imaging\u2010guided therapy of RA. The TCZ\u2010PNPs are demonstrated to have strong NIR\u2010II extinction coefficient, high photostability and excellent biocompatibility. NIR\u2010II PMI results reveal the excellent targeting abilities of TCZ\u2010PNPs for the effective noninvasive diagnosis of RA joint tissue with a high signal\u2010to noise ratio (SNR) of 35.8 dB in 3D PA tomography images. Remarkably, one\u2010month treatment and PA monitoring using TCZ\u2010PNPs shows RA is significantly suppressed. In addition, the therapeutic evaluation of RA mice by NIR\u2010II PMI is shown to be consistent with clinical micro\u2010CT and histological analysis. The TCZ\u2010PNPs\u2010assisted NIR\u2010II PMI provides a new strategy for RA theranostics, therapeutic monitoring and the beyond.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202003399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T01:44:11Z","timestamp":1596419051000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Tocilizumab\u2013Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for NIR\u2010II Photoacoustic\u2010Imaging\u2010Guided Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Jingqin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenzhen 518055 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of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenzhen 518055 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology People's Hospital of Bao'an District  Shenzhen 518128 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenzhen 518055 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