{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:48:33Z","timestamp":1793396913218,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Zwitterionic hydrogels have received great attention due to their excellent nonfouling and biocompatible properties, but they suffer from weak mechanical strength in the saline environments important for biomedical and engineering applications due to the \u201canti\u2010polyelectrolyte\u201d effect. Conventional strategies to introduce hydrophobic or non\u2010zwitterionic components to increase mechanical strength compromise their nonfouling properties. Here, a highly effective strategy is reported to achieve both high mechanical strength and excellent nonfouling properties by constructing a pure zwitterionic triple\u2010network (ZTN) hydrogel. The strong electrostatic interaction and network entanglement within the triple\u2010network structure can effectively dissipate energy to toughen the hydrogel and achieve high strength, toughness, and stiffness in saline environments (compressive fracture stress 18.2 \u00b1 1.4\u00a0MPa,\u00a0toughness 1.62 \u00b1 0.03\u00a0MJ m<jats:sup>\u20133<\/jats:sup>,\u00a0and modulus 0.66 \u00b1 0.03\u00a0MPa\u00a0in seawater environments). Moreover, the ZTN hydrogel is shown to strongly resist the attachment of proteins, bacteria, and cells. The results provide a fundamental understanding to guide the design of tough nonfouling zwitterionic hydrogels for a broad range of applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202102479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T06:29:00Z","timestamp":1628836140000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["High\u2010Strength and Nonfouling Zwitterionic Triple\u2010Network Hydrogel in Saline Environments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3179-6585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering Cornell University  Ithaca NY 14853 USA"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin University  Tianjin 300350 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijin","family":"Luozhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering Cornell University  Ithaca NY 14853 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenchao","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering Cornell University  Ithaca NY 14853 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington  Seattle WA 98195 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4017-6540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoyi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering Cornell University  Ithaca NY 14853 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