{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:28:00Z","timestamp":1787786880727,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]],"date-time":"2022-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658620800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]],"date-time":"2021-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17RT0908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17RT0908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012674","name":"Universal Display Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UDC\u20100607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UDC\u20100607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The orientation of facial (\n                    <jats:italic>fac<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) tris\u2010cyclometalated iridium complexes in doped films prepared by vacuum deposition is investigated by altering the physical shape and electronic asymmetry in the molecular structure. Angle\u2010dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy and Fourier\u2010plane imaging microscopy show that the orientation of roughly spherical\n                    <jats:italic>fac<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010tris(2\u2010phenylpyridyl)iridium (Ir(ppy)\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) is isotropic, whereas complexes that are oblate spheroids,\n                    <jats:italic>fac<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010tris(mesityl\u20102\u2010phenyl\u20101\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010imidazole)iridium (Ir(mi)\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>fac<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010tris((3,5\u2010dimethyl\u2010[1,1\u2032\u2010biphenyl]\u20104\u2010yl)\u20102\u2010phenyl\u20101\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010imidazole)iridium (Ir(mip)\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), have a net horizontal alignment of their transition dipole moments. Optical anisotropy factors of 0.26 and 0.15, respectively, are obtained from the latter complexes when doped into\n                    <jats:italic>tris<\/jats:italic>\n                    (4\u2010(9\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010carbazol\u20109\u2010yl)phenyl)amine host thin films. The horizontal alignment is attributed to the favorable van der Waals interaction between the oblate Ir complexes and host material. Trifluoromethyl groups substituted on one polar face of the Ir(ppy)\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and Ir(mi)\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    complexes introduce chemical asymmetries in the molecules at the expense of their oblate shapes. The anisotropy factors of films doped with these substituted derivatives are lower relative to the parent complexes, indicating that the fluorinated patches reinforce horizontal alignment during deposition. High efficiencies obtained from organic light emitting diodes prepared using the Ir dopants is attributed, in part, to improved outcoupling of electroluminescence brought about by molecular alignment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202102882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]],"date-time":"2021-07-24T06:57:36Z","timestamp":1627109856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Molecular Alignment of Homoleptic Iridium Phosphors in Organic Light\u2010Emitting Diodes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7571-3767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moon Chul","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA 90089 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Facendola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA 90089 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongchan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3336-1983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Sylvinson","family":"Muthiah Ravinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA 90089 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6716-389X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter I.","family":"Djurovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA 90089 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Forrest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Materials Science and Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7764-4096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark E.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA 90089 USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA 90089 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202005630"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.201228320"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.20180336"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.19940060612"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200500283"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JPE.5.057607"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201808803"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.126124"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1435422"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2019.03.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.8b00255"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.125997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54640-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2019.03.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.00A631"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2011.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2011.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3653475"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201705600"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5769"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.8.037001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202001103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3309705"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00804-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b03528"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TC00997E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00513"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1jm13417e"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2017.03.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201900921"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4428"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c14613"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201401621"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.00A279"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.14.034048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.47.767"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NJ01316F"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","first-page":"102","volume-title":"Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III","author":"Thompson M. E.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.467943"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.472460"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.466059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CP01045A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2017.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b03428"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201305733"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.5b04607"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6223(92)90133-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.5b00469"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC09072E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp403679x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201500462"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1681437"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.001762"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4807797"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2018.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4963796"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7567\/1347-4065\/ab0de8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb2659"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7567\/1347-4065\/ab0de8"}],"container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/adma.202102882","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/adma.202102882","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/adma.202102882","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/adma.202102882","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T21:45:45Z","timestamp":1759787145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/adma.202102882"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/adma.202102882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202102882","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0935-9648","1521-4095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0935-9648","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2102882"}}