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Herein, the development of a customized chondroitin\u2010sulfate\u2010incorporating type\u2010II atelocollagen (COL II\/CS) scaffold with excellent chondrogenic capacity and a type\u2010I atelocollagen (COL I) scaffold to facilitate the formation of vascularized fibrous tissue is described. An efficient modular ring strategy is then adopted to develop a CRVFT\u2010based biomimetic trachea. The in vitro engineering of cartilaginous rings is achieved via the recellularization of ring\u2010shaped COL II\/CS scaffolds using bone marrow stem cells as a mimetic for native cartilaginous ring tissue. A CRVFT\u2010based trachea with biomimetic mechanical properties, composed of bionic biochemical components, is additionally successfully generated in vivo via the alternating stacking of cartilaginous rings and ring\u2010shaped COL I scaffolds on a silicone pipe. The resultant biomimetic trachea with pedicled muscular flaps is used for extensive tracheal reconstruction and exhibits satisfactory therapeutic outcomes with structural and functional properties similar to those of native trachea. This is the first study to utilize stem cells for long\u2010segmental tracheal cartilaginous regeneration and this represents a promising method for extensive tracheal reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202106755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]],"date-time":"2021-11-06T16:11:48Z","timestamp":1636215108000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Biomimetic Trachea Engineering via a Modular Ring Strategy Based on Bone\u2010Marrow Stem Cells and Atelocollagen for Use in Extensive Tracheal Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University  Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University  Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinsheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University  Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runfeng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University  Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University  Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University  Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaogang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University  Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University  Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University  Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University  Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gening","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University  Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University  Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1290-6665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University  Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","first-page":"816","volume":"72","author":"Nakajima J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kyobu Geka"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab5354"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/acs.2018.01.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/term.3019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202100003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","first-page":"20","volume":"30","author":"Liu Z. 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