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The improvement of gluing performance is hence important for the development of new glues with better and balanced property spaces, which in turn necessitates a mechanistic understanding of their mechanical failure. Optical force probes (OFPs) allow the observation of mechanical material damage in polymers from the macro\u2010 down to the microscale, yet have never been employed in glues. Here, the development of a series of ratiometric OFPs based on fluorescent\u2010protein\u2013dye and protein\u2013protein conjugates and their incorporation into genetically engineered bio\u2010glues is reported. The OFPs are designed to efficiently modulate F\u00f6rster resonance energy transfer\u00a0upon force application thereby reporting on force\u2010induced molecular alterations independent of concentration and fluorescence intensity both spectrally and through their fluorescence lifetime. By fluorescence spectroscopy in solution and in the solid state and by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, stress concentrations are visualized and adhesive and cohesive failure in the fracture zone is differentiated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202210052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T03:11:08Z","timestamp":1675653068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Fracture Detection in Bio\u2010Glues with Fluorescent\u2010Protein\u2010Based Optical Force Probes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4685-7379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DWI \u2013 Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials  Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany"},{"name":"Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen  Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5199-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia P.","family":"Centeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DWI \u2013 Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials  Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2819-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DWI \u2013 Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials  Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany"},{"name":"Wenzhou Institute University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Wenzhou 325001 China"},{"name":"Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University  Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DWI \u2013 Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials  Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany"},{"name":"Wenzhou Institute University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Wenzhou 325001 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7483-6236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"G\u00f6stl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DWI \u2013 Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials  Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8886-0894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DWI \u2013 Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials  Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany"},{"name":"Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen  Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University  Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","volume-title":"Adhesive Bonding: Science, Technology and Applications","author":"Adams R. 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