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To modulate this phenotypic shift in situ, a \u201cTrojan horse\u201d\u2010like hybrid system, nanocapsule\u2010coupled Th17 cells, is reported for MS treatment. Following intravenous injection into MS mice, the hybrid system efficiently transmigrates across the blood\u2013brain barrier and homes to the inflamed MS niche. (Aminooxy)\u2010acetic acid, a transdifferentiation inducer, is locally released upon the production of ROS and in turn taken up by Th17 cells. It is demonstrated that the Trojan horse hybrid system enables in situ phenotypic transdifferentiation of Th17 cells into anti\u2010inflammatory Treg cells. This phenotypic conversion leads to a domino\u2010like immune response that is conducive to MS therapy. Overall, this work highlights a new pathway for accurate modulation of the phenotypes of adoptively transferred cells in situ, from proinflammatory to anti\u2010inflammatory for MS therapy, and may be broadly applicable for patients suffering from other autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202210262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T23:29:15Z","timestamp":1672183755000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Trojan Horse Nanocapsule Enabled In Situ Modulation of the Phenotypic Conversion of Th17 Cells to Treg Cells for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Chongdeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University  44 Cultural West Road Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. 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