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Studying the influence of folded tissue patterns on cellular function is challenging mainly due to the lack of suitable cell culture platforms that can recreate dynamic tissue folding in vitro. Here, a bilayer hydrogel folding system, composed of alginate\/polyacrylamide double\u2010network (DN) and hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels, to generate static folding patterns based on mechanical instabilities, is described. By encapsulating human fibroblasts into patterned HA hydrogels, human bronchial epithelial cells form a folded pseudostratified monolayer. Using magnetic microparticles, DN hydrogels reversibly fold into pre\u2010defined patterns and enable programmable on\u2010demand folding of cell\u2010laden hydrogel systems upon applying a magnetic field. This hydrogel construction provides a dynamic culture system for mimicking tissue folding in vitro, which is extendable to other cell types and organ systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T10:19:29Z","timestamp":1679653169000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Programmable Tissue Folding Patterns in Structured Hydrogels"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1411-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avinava","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science &amp; Engineering University of Michigan  North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9226-2707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zenghao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science &amp; Engineering University of Michigan  North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline K.","family":"Eiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan  Carl A. 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