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However, electrical switching of such perpendicular magnetization in an energy\u2010efficient, deterministic, scalable manner has remained a big challenge. This problem has recently attracted enormous efforts in the field of spintronics. Here, recent advances and challenges in the understanding of the electrical generation of spin currents, the switching mechanisms and the switching strategies of perpendicular magnetization, the switching current density by spin\u2013orbit torque of transverse spins, the choice of perpendicular magnetic materials are reviewed, and the progress in prototype perpendicular SOT memory and logic devices toward the goal of energy\u2010efficient, dense, fast perpendicular spin\u2013orbit torque applications is summarized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]],"date-time":"2023-04-02T00:23:15Z","timestamp":1680394995000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Switching of Perpendicular Magnetization by Spin\u2013Orbit 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