{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:09:22Z","timestamp":1790770162937,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE\u2010SC0017671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE\u2010SC0017671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006132","name":"Office of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006151","name":"Basic Energy Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE\u2010FG02\u201006ER46327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE\u2010FG02\u201006ER46327"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OIA\u20102044049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OIA\u20102044049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002541","name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spin\u2013orbit torques generated by a spin current are key to magnetic switching in spintronic applications. The polarization of the spin current dictates the direction of switching required for energy\u2010efficient devices. Conventionally, the polarizations of these spin currents are restricted to be along a certain direction due to the symmetry of the material allowing only for efficient in\u2010plane magnetic switching. Unconventional spin\u2013orbit torques arising from novel spin current polarizations, however, have the potential to switch other magnetization orientations such as perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, which is desired for higher density spintronic\u2010based memory devices. Here, it is demonstrated that low crystalline symmetry is not required for unconventional spin\u2013orbit torques and can be generated in a nonmagnetic high symmetry material, iridium dioxide (IrO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), using epitaxial design. It is shown that by reducing the relative crystalline symmetry with respect to the growth direction large unconventional spin currents can be generated and hence spin\u2013orbit torques. Furthermore, the spin polarizations detected in (001), (110), and (111) oriented IrO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> thin films are compared to show which crystal symmetries restrict unconventional spin transport. Understanding and tuning unconventional spin transport generation in high symmetry materials can provide a new route towards energy\u2010efficient magnetic switching in spintronic devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202301608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T22:06:03Z","timestamp":1686089163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Symmetry Control of Unconventional Spin\u2013Orbit Torques in IrO<sub>2<\/sub>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Patton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison WI 53706 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gautam","family":"Gurung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy &amp; Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience University of Nebraska  Lincoln NE 68588 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding\u2010Fu","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy &amp; Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience University of Nebraska  Lincoln NE 68588 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gahee","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology  Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Mittelstaedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University  Ithaca NY 14853 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University  Ithaca NY 14853 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong\u2010Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"X\u2010Ray Science Division Argonne National Laboratory  Argonne IL 60439 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"X\u2010Ray Science Division Argonne National Laboratory  Argonne IL 60439 USA"},{"name":"School of Physical Sciences Dublin City University  Dublin 9 Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny Y.","family":"Tsymbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy &amp; Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience University of Nebraska  Lincoln NE 68588 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si\u2010Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology  Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Van der Waals Quantum Solids Institute for Basic Science (IBS)  Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Semiconductor Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)  Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Ralph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University  Ithaca NY 14853 USA"},{"name":"Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science  Ithaca NY 14853 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Rzchowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison WI 53706 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianxiang","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist) Tsinghua University  Beijing 100084 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8854-1439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang\u2010Beom","family":"Eom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison WI 53706 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1218197"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4753947"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.096602"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0041-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00967-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26893-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.104.104401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.12.064046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17999-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-022-00744-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-022-01275-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qute.202100038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3933"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202000818"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b04993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.102.014401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-00826-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3893"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c16485"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.3.064205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.99.195106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"1","volume":"95","author":"Sun Y.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. 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