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However, the microgravity freezing shrinkage dynamics is scarcely explored on the ground as it is hard to suppress the strong natural convection inside liquid alloys. Here, a series of in\u2010orbit solidification experiments is conducted aboard the China Space Station with a long\u2010term stable 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                    g\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    microgravity condition. The highest temperature up to 2265\u00a0K together with substantial liquid undercoolings far from a thermodynamically stable state are attained for both Nb\n                    <jats:sub>82.7<\/jats:sub>\n                    Si\n                    <jats:sub>17.3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and Zr\n                    <jats:sub>64<\/jats:sub>\n                    V\n                    <jats:sub>36<\/jats:sub>\n                    refractory alloys. Furthermore, the solidification under microgravity of a droplet is simulated to reveal the liquid\u2013solid interface migration, temperature gradient, and flow field. The microgravity solidification process leads to freezing shrinkage cavities and distinctive surface dendritic microstructure patterns. The combined effects of shrinkage dynamics and liquid surface flow in outer space result in the dendrites growing not only along the tangential direction but also along the normal direction to the droplet surface. These space experimental results contribute to a further understanding of the solidification behavior of liquid alloys under a weaker convection condition, which is often masked by gravity on the ground.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202313162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]],"date-time":"2024-03-10T00:37:45Z","timestamp":1710031065000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Freezing Shrinkage Dynamics and Surface Dendritic Growth of Floating Refractory Alloy Droplets in Outer Space"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Haipeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenhui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingnan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiongfei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2120-6895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingbo","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.255701"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202105096"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.19930050914"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.130.026203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume":"13","author":"Geng D. 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