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Additionally, conventional analyses primarily rely on fluorescent emissions, which limits the detection of actual cell functionality while risking damage to the 3D cytoarchitecture of organoids. Here, an electrophysiological analysis is presented to monitor RGC development in early to mid\u2010stage retinal organoids, and compare distinct features with fully\u2010mature mouse retina. This approach utilizes high\u2010resolution 3D printing of liquid\u2010metal microelectrodes, enabling precise targeting of specific inner retinal layers within organoids. The adaptable distribution and softness of these microelectrodes facilitate the spatiotemporal recording of inner retinal signals. This study not only demonstrates the functional properties of RGCs in retinal organoid development but also provides insights into their synaptic connectivity, reminiscent of fetal native retinas. Further comparison with fully\u2010mature mouse retina in vivo verifies the organoid features, highlighting the potential of early\u2010stage retinal organoids in biomedical research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202404428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T17:34:35Z","timestamp":1718818475000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Electrophysiological Analysis of Retinal Organoid Development Using 3D Microelectrodes of Liquid Metals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Sanghoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science &amp; Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME) Advanced Science Institute Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Gi","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science &amp; 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Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME) Advanced Science Institute Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Ah","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Eye Hospital Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hunkyu","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science &amp; Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME) Advanced Science Institute Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Won","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science &amp; 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