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Existing therapies are limited by drug concentration and single regulatory effect on the immune network, and emphasize the role of anti\u2010inflammatory effects in reducing osteoclast rather than the role of proinflammatory effects in accelerating infection clearance, which is not conducive to complete bacteria elimination and recurrence prevention. Herein, a direct\u2010current triboelectric nanogenerator (DC\u2010TENG) is established to perform antibacterial effects and modulate immunological properties of infectious microenvironments of osteomyelitis through electrical stimulation, namely triboelectric immunotherapy. Seeing from the results, the triboelectric immunotherapy successfully activates polarization to proinflammatory (M1) macrophages in vitro, accompanied by satisfying direct antibacterial effects. The antibacterial and osteogenic abilities of triboelectric immunotherapy are verified in rat cranial osteomyelitis models. The effects on the polarization and differentiation of immune\u2010related cells in vivo are investigated by establishing in situ tibial osteomyelitis models and immunosurveillance models in C57 mice respectively, indicating the ability of activating immunity and producing immunological memory for in situ infection and secondary recurrence, thus accelerating healing and preventing relapse. This study provides an efficient, long\u2010acting, multifunctional, and wearable triboelectric immunotherapy strategy for drug\u2010free osteomyelitis treatment systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202408473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T06:55:45Z","timestamp":1725000945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Drug\u2010Free \u201cTriboelectric Immunotherapy\u201d Activating Immunity for Osteomyelitis Treatment and Recurrence Prevention"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5947-1881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University  Wuhan 430071 China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education &amp; Department of Chemistry Wuhan University  Wuhan 430072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7869-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haimei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University  Wuhan 430071 P. 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