{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T16:49:57Z","timestamp":1789145397273,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2308575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2308575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Extrusion 3D\u2010printing of biopolymers and natural fiber\u2010based biocomposites enables the fabrication of complex structures, ranging from implants' scaffolds to eco\u2010friendly structural materials. However, conventional polymer extrusion requires high energy consumption to reduce viscosity, and natural fiber reinforcement often requires harsh chemical treatments to improve adhesion. We address these challenges by introducing a sustainable framework to fabricate natural biocomposites using <jats:italic>Chlorella vulgaris<\/jats:italic> microalgae as the matrix. Through bioink optimization and process refinement, we produced lightweight, multifunctional materials with hierarchical architectures. Infrared spectroscopy analysis reveals that hydrogen bonding plays a critical role in the binding and reinforcement of <jats:italic>Chlorella<\/jats:italic> cells by hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). As water content decreases, the hydrogen bonding network evolves from water\u2010mediated interactions to direct hydrogen bonds between HEC and <jats:italic>Chlorella<\/jats:italic>, enhancing the mechanical properties. A controlled dehydration process maintains continuous microalgae morphology, preventing cracking. The resulting biocomposites exhibit a bending stiffness of 1.6 GPa and isotropic heat transfer and thermal conductivity of 0.10 W\/mK at room temperature, demonstrating effective thermal insulation. These characteristics make <jats:italic>Chlorella<\/jats:italic> biocomposites promising candidates for applications requiring both structural performance and thermal insulation, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional materials in response to growing environmental demands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202413618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T03:18:07Z","timestamp":1731986287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Multifunctional Biocomposite Materials from <i>Chlorella vulgaris<\/i> Microalgae"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8838-818X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"Kellersztein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Engineering and Applied Science California Institute of Technology  Pasadena CA 91125 USA"},{"name":"Resnick Sustainability Institute California Institute of Technology  Pasadena CA 91125 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3776-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Tish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Material Processes and Systems Group Graduate School of Design Harvard University  Cambridge MA 02138 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Pederson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Engineering and Applied Science California Institute of Technology  Pasadena CA 91125 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2724-2301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Bechthold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Material Processes and Systems Group Graduate School of Design Harvard University  Cambridge MA 02138 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5296-4440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Daraio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Engineering and Applied Science California Institute of Technology  Pasadena CA 91125 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200600434"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200800040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-020-00083-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aa7279"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107884"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-04069-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000208"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bprint.2016.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b00554"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202305505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110510"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw2459"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2020.123238"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.07.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.109490"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-022-06653-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111433"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.03.089"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.23392"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40442-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25476"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12536"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.117471"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113842"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121700"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.124702"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijmb.20200504.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.39559"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2015.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-017-5025-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c07539"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.20210683"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201401804"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2022.108642"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.09.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2008.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2005.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0987(02)00103-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/3dp.2020.0167"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2022.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abk3087"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.260985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1990.tb05082.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2MA00932C"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.5b02763"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-017-1584-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TC04466D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2022.125048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2011.11.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2022.103063"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobab.2022.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b02530"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2020.109058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2011.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/abd2d2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c12926"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600790922"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-88654-5.50011-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-0195-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2013.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2020.108134"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c10768"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135828"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","first-page":"289","volume":"12","author":"D'Alessandro A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Low\u2010Carbon Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202302827"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129449"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.05.194"}],"container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/adma.202413618","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/adma.202413618","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T15:59:38Z","timestamp":1759766378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/adma.202413618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/adma.202413618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202413618","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0935-9648","1521-4095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0935-9648","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2413618"}}