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However, specific cells and maintaining a stable energy supply are challenges for precise cell electrical stimulation therapy. Here, force\u2010electric conversion hydrogel microspheres (Piezo@CR MPs) is devloped to induce specific stem cell aggregation and promote chondrogenic differentiation through localized electrical stimulation. These MPs contain barium titanate (BT) nanoparticles embedded in hyaluronic acid methacrylate hydrogel MPs, with a polydopamine (pDA) coating bound to stem cell recruitment peptides (CR) via \u03c0\u2010\u03c0 conjugation and electrostatic forces. Piezo@CR MPs convert pressure (ultrasound) into electrical stimulation, directing BMSCs for colonization and chondrogenesis. In vitro, directionally migrated stem cells almost covered the Piezo@CR MP surface, generating up to 451\u00a0mV of electrical output that enhanced chondrogenic differentiation. In a rabbit osteochondral defect model, Piezo@CR MPs promoted cartilage regeneration, nearly resembling native cartilage. In a rat osteoarthritis model, they reduced cartilage degeneration and improved behavioral outcomes. Additionally, Piezo@CR MPs promoted cartilage regeneration by driving the influx of extracellular calcium and activating the p38 mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. In conclusion, Piezo@CR MPs offer a new approach for precise cell type electrical stimulation therapy in treating of cartilage injuries and degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202414555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T03:24:17Z","timestamp":1733887457000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Precise Cell Type Electrical Stimulation Therapy Via Force\u2010electric Hydrogel Microspheres for Cartilage Healing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing 100730 China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai 200025 P. 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