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These characteristics make them highly desirable for energy\u2010related conversion reactions. However, the insufficient active sites and slow reaction kinetics leading to unsatisfactory electrocatalytic performance limited their commercial application. To address these issues, defect engineering of M\u2010ATMs has emerged to increase the active sites, modify the electronic structure, and enhance the catalytic reactivity and stability. This review provides a comprehensive summary of defect engineering strategies for M\u2010ATM nanostructures, including vacancy creation, heteroatom doping, amorphous phase\/grain boundary generation, and heterointerface construction. Introducing recent advancements in the application of M\u2010ATMs in electrochemical small molecule conversion reactions (e.g., hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfur), which can contribute to a circular economy by recycling molecules like H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and S. Furthermore, a crucial link between the reconstruction of atomic\u2010level structure and catalytic activity via analyzing the dynamic evolution of M\u2010ATMs during the reaction process is established. The review also outlines the challenges and prospects associated with M\u2010ATM\u2010based catalysts to inspire further research efforts in developing high\u2010performance M\u2010ATMs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202416483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T01:21:13Z","timestamp":1734744073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Defect Engineering of Metal\u2010Based Atomically Thin Materials for Catalyzing Small\u2010Molecule Conversion Reactions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Huo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy Materials Science University of Shanghai for Science and Technology  Shanghai 200093 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhai","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy Materials Science University of Shanghai for Science and Technology  Shanghai 200093 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy Materials Science University of Shanghai for Science and Technology  Shanghai 200093 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huakun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy Materials Science University of Shanghai for Science and Technology  Shanghai 200093 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shixue","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy Materials Science University of Shanghai for Science and Technology  Shanghai 200093 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5432-6378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ding","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy Materials Science University of Shanghai for Science and Technology  Shanghai 200093 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.1c04948"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00515"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00684G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c09399"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","author":"Wang Z.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. 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