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However, developing Type I PSs remains a significant challenge due to a lack of reliable design strategy. Herein, a Type I PS nanocluster is developed via self\u2010assembly of zwitterionic small molecule (C3TH) for superior antibacterial PDT in vivo. Mechanism studies demonstrate that unique cross\u2010arranged C3TH within nanocluster not only shortens intermolecular distance but also inhibits intermolecular electronic\u2010vibrational coupling, thus facilitating intermolecular photoinduced electron transfer to form PS radical cation and anion via autoionization reaction. Subsequently, these highly oxidizing or reducing PS radicals engage in cascade photoredox to generate efficient \u00b7OH and O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u203e\u00b7. As a result, C3TH nanoclusters achieve a 97.6% antibacterial efficacy against MRSA at an ultralow dose, surpassing the efficacy of the commercial antibiotic Vancomycin by more than 8.8\u2010fold. These findings deepen the understanding of Type I PDT, providing a novel strategy for developing Type I PSs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202418978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T04:58:14Z","timestamp":1739249894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Zwitterionic Photosensitizer\u2010Assembled Nanocluster Produces Efficient Photogenerated Radicals via Autoionization for Superior Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2336-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2830-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingxuan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8401-7568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linfang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haolin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruizhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing University of Posts &amp; Telecommunications Nanjing 210023 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quli","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing University of Posts &amp; Telecommunications Nanjing 210023 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5233-8183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenbo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg9868"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717160115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0723-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00647A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5978\/islsm.27_18-RA-01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31479-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201706709"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"140","volume":"1","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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