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However, two key challenges hinder their clinical translation: achieving scalable and precision fabrication, and enabling non\u2010invasive imaging and tracking within deep biological tissues. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI), a cutting\u2010edge imaging modality, addresses these challenges by detecting the magnetization of nanoparticles and visualizing superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs) with sub\u2010millimeter resolution, free from interference by biological tissues. This capability makes MPI an ideal tool for tracking magnetic microrobots in deep tissue environments. In this study, \u201cTriMag\u201d microrobots are introduced: 3D\u2010printed microrobots with three integrated magnetic functionalities\u2014magnetic actuation, magnetic particle imaging, and magnetic hyperthermia. The TriMag microrobots are fabricated using an innovative method that combines two\u2010photon lithography for 3D printing biocompatible hydrogel structures with in situ chemical reactions to embed the hydrogel scaffold with Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanoparticles for good MPI contrast and CoFe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanoparticles for efficient magnetothermal heating. This approach enables scalable, precise fabrication of helical magnetic hydrogel microrobots. The resulting TriMag microrobots, with the synergistic effects of Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and CoFe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanoparticles, demonstrate efficient magnetic actuation for controlled movement, precise imaging via MPI for imaging and tracking in biological fluid and organs, including porcine eye and mouse stomach, and magnetothermal heating for tumor ablation in a mouse model. By combining these capabilities, the fabrication and imaging approach provides a robust platform for non\u2010invasive monitoring and manipulation of microrobots for transformative applications in medical treatment and biological research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202419708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T12:53:18Z","timestamp":1754916798000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["TriMag Microrobots: 3D\u2010Printed Microrobots for Magnetic Actuation, Imaging, and Hyperthermia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Liuxi","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering Michigan State University  East Lansing MI 48824 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