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Growing evidence suggests that dynamic restructuring under reaction conditions plays a crucial but poorly understood role in catalytic performance. To address this, the direct visualization of the state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art In\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/m\u2010ZrO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    catalyst under CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    hydrogenation conditions (\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0 = \u00a0553\u00a0K,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0 = \u00a01.9\u00a0bar, CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    :H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0 = \u00a01:4) is pioneered using in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), comparing its behavior to In\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    on supports with similar (tetragonal, t\u2010ZrO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    or anatase TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) or lower (LSm\u2010ZrO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) surface areas. Complementary in situ infrared spectroscopy and catalytic tests confirm methanol formation under equivalent conditions. A machine\u2010learning\u2010based difference imaging approach differentiates and ranks restructuring patterns, revealing that partially reduced InO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    species on m\u2010ZrO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    undergo cyclic aggregation\u2010redispersion via atomic surface migration, maintaining high active phase dispersion. High\u2010resolution ex situ STEM analysis further shows the epitaxial formation of In\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    mono\u2010 and bilayers on (100) m\u2010ZrO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    facets, highlighting strong oxide\u2010support interactions. In contrast, sintering prevails on t\u2010ZrO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , a\u2010TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and low\u2010surface m\u2010ZrO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , correlating with lower methanol productivity. This work underscores the pivotal role of oxide\u2010support interfacial interactions in the reaction\u2010induced restructuring of InO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    species and establishes a framework for tracking nanoscale catalyst dynamics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202419859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T07:17:06Z","timestamp":1742800626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Tracking Dynamics of Supported Indium Oxide Catalysts in CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Hydrogenation to Methanol by In Situ TEM"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2975-0334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Eliasson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center Empa\u2013Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology  \u00dcberlandstrasse 129 D\u00fcbendorf 8600 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9935-4876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung\u2010Tai","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich  Vladimir\u2010Prelog\u2010Weg 1 Zurich 8093 Switzerland"},{"name":"NCCR Catalysis  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4154-3226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thaylan Pinheiro","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich  Vladimir\u2010Prelog\u2010Weg 1 Zurich 8093 Switzerland"},{"name":"NCCR Catalysis  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6094-057X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiansheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center Empa\u2013Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology  \u00dcberlandstrasse 129 D\u00fcbendorf 8600 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2391-5943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolf","family":"Erni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center Empa\u2013Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology  \u00dcberlandstrasse 129 D\u00fcbendorf 8600 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3933-2913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich  Vladimir\u2010Prelog\u2010Weg 1 Zurich 8093 Switzerland"},{"name":"NCCR Catalysis  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5805-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"P\u00e9rez\u2010Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich  Vladimir\u2010Prelog\u2010Weg 1 Zurich 8093 Switzerland"},{"name":"NCCR Catalysis  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EE01673B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3GC01053H"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2023.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2021.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201600943"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202409322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c03665"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22224-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11349-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.9b03305"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33391-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume":"62","author":"Ara\u00fajo T. 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