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This study introduces an ultrasensitive method for detecting trace Cr<jats:sup>6+<\/jats:sup> over a wide concentration range (\u2248 100 pM \u2013 100\u00a0\u00b5M) through fluorescence enhancement signatures via integration of both covalent and non\u2010covalent interaction strategies on carbon quantum dots (CQD). The covalent functionalization is achieved from dual\u2010functionalized CQD (CQD\u2010(NH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, COOH)) derived from coffee\u2010waste. Additionally, the covalent and non\u2010covalent approach integrates CQD\u2010(NH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, COOH) with graphitic carbon nitride (g\u2010C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) to form a 2D\/2D heterostructure. The synergy between CQD\u2010(NH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, COOH) and g\u2010C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> introduces a mid\u2010gap band in their band structure, allowing multiple carrier excitation and recombination states, significantly\u00a0enhancing the fluorescence quenching signal. This combination allows to achieve Cr<jats:sup>6+<\/jats:sup> detection sensitivity down to \u2248100 pM concentration\u2014matching the World Health Organization's 96 pM permissible limit of total Cr in drinking water. Furthermore, a 70 pM detection limit is reported for Cr<jats:sup>6+<\/jats:sup> in a mixture of twelve ions, including cations and anions, surpassing current state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art detection limits. These results highlight the potential of dual covalent and non\u2010covalent modification strategy in nanomaterials to set new standards in ultrasensitive and wide\u2010range fluorescent sensing applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202504142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:50:31Z","timestamp":1746175831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Detecting Cr<sup>6+<\/sup> at \u2248100 pM Concentration with Fluorescence Enhancement Signatures in a Novel Eco\u2010Fluorophore: Matching WHO's 96 pM Recommended Standard for Drinking Water"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9982-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pegah","family":"Zandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 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