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The persistent challenges in ICIs have prompted extensive research into next\u2010generation biomaterial\u2010based immunotherapeutic strategies to inhibit PD\u20101\/PD\u2010L1 pathway. Herein, this review started with the retrospect of recent insights into the dynamic regulation of PD\u2010L1 expression patterns and its multifaceted functional mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment. Subsequently, the emerging alternatives to PD\u20101\/PD\u2010L1 inhibitors are summarized by their categories, including peptides, nucleic acids, small molecule inhibitors, and natural compounds, which could function by reducing PD\u2010L1 expression, degrading PD\u2010L1, or inhibiting PD\u20101\/PD\u2010L1 interactions. Furthermore, recent efforts on combination therapy based on these biomaterials are discussed, especially those with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy, and sonodynamic therapy. This paradigm shift in PD\u20101\/PD\u2010L1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy underscores the prospects of emerging biomaterials in orchestrating anticancer immune responses, which would provide insights for developing next\u2010generation immunotherapeutic strategies for clinical oncology to improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202517019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T13:01:54Z","timestamp":1770037314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Emerging Biomaterials Blocking PD\u20101\/PD\u2010L1 Pathway for Cancer Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School of Radiation Medicine and Protection &amp; School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD\u2010X) Collaborative 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