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However, SnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    colloids exhibit thermodynamic instability in aqueous solution due to strong van der Waals attractions between nanoparticles, often leading to aggregation and precipitation. Here, a phosphate\u2010buffered synthesis strategy is reported that effectively stabilizes SnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    colloids. The phosphate buffer maintains a stable pH during synthesis, dynamically regulating the electrostatic repulsion between nanoparticles to suppress aggregation and promote homogeneous dispersion. This method enables precise control over surface hydroxyl groups and oxygen vacancies in the resulting SnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    films, facilitating efficient electron transport and reducing interfacial recombination. As a result, PSCs achieve a high power convertion efficiency (PCE) of 26.40% while demonstrating exceptional operational stability. The encapsulated device maintains 99%, 84%, and 95% of their initial efficiency under ISOS\u2010L\u20101, ISOS\u2010L\u20102, and ISOS\u2010O\u20101 protocols, respectively. Furthermore, a perovskite solar module (5\u00a0cm \u00d7 5\u00a0cm) with an active area of 12.6\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    delivers an impressive PCE of 23.11%. These results highlight the scalability and practical viability of the strategy for developing large\u2010area, high\u2010performance photovoltaic modules.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202518260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T07:32:12Z","timestamp":1765179132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Stabilizing SnO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Colloids via Phosphate Buffering for Efficient and Durable Perovskite Photovoltaics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Tengfei","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) &amp; Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)  30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) &amp; Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)  30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biyun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) &amp; Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)  30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) &amp; Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)  30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) &amp; Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)  30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) &amp; Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)  30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingfeng","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) &amp; Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)  30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingdong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) &amp; Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)  30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9694-4246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) &amp; Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)  30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03964-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03285-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EE02390H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"9","volume":"10","author":"Wu Z. 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