{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:45:55Z","timestamp":1788788755653,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003661","name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P0023704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0023704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003661","name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Semiconductor\u2010Track Graduate School (SKKU)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Semiconductor\u2010Track Graduate School (SKKU)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Probabilistic bit (p\u2010bit) is the fundamental building block and core element of probabilistic computing (p\u2010computing). However, physical separation of bit generation and memory storage creates a memory bottleneck in conventional p\u2010computing architectures. We report on experimentally integrating voltage\u2010tunable stochastic bit generation and non\u2010volatile memory functionalities within a single in\u2010memory device to realize a p\u2010bit with van der Waals ferroelectric CuInP\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    (CIPS). Leveraging the stochastic displacement of Cu\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ions and the material's remanent polarization under an external electric field, the proposed device achieves stable random bit retention (&gt;1000 s) with low power consumption (\u223c75 nW). This eliminates the need for data transfer between separate memory and logic units, thereby enabling efficient in\u2010memory p\u2010computing with improved system\u2010level performance. In\u2010memory p\u2010computing outperforms conventional p\u2010computing in device\u2010to\u2010system\u2010level NP\u2010hard simulations, reducing time\u2010complexity from O(n\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) to O(n\n                    <jats:sup>1.5<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Notably, the sigmoid slope of the probabilistic output is dynamically tuned by varying the CIPS layer thickness, enabling adaptive control over exploration\u2013exploitation characteristics. Broader slopes facilitate initial exploration, whereas steeper slopes support rapid convergence in later stages. Sigmoid slope tunability over a wide dynamic range (6.17\u201338.41) reduces convergence steps by 400\u2010fold, highlighting the potential of CIPS\u2010based p\u2010bit as a compact, energy\u2010efficient platform for scalable and adaptive p\u2010computing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202518284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T06:38:32Z","timestamp":1769841512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Van der Waals Ferroelectric CuInP\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    S\n                    <sub>6<\/sub>\n                    \u2010based Multi\u2010slope In\u2010memory Probabilistic Computing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Changyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nano Science and Technology Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering Kyungpook National University  Daegu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seongkweon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nano Science and Technology Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang Yong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nano Science and Technology Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang\u2010Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nano Science and Technology Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheolhwa","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nano Science and Technology Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji\u2010Sang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nano Science and Technology Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nano Engineering Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung Chul","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering Kyungpook National University  Daegu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1284-3593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungjoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nano Science and Technology Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nano Engineering Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwt032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537\u2010019\u20100206\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.NingandF.You Comput. 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