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This review posits that material innovation is the pivotal enabler of this transition, seamlessly integrating high\u2010performance sensing, intelligent computation, and adaptive intervention. We elucidate how recent advances in electrochemical, electrophysiological, optical, and mechanical sensors fabricated from soft conductors, responsive polymers, and nanocomposites yield critical data streams for reliable physiological monitoring. We further explore how decision\u2010making architectures, ranging from threshold\u2010based logic to neuromorphic computation, transform these data into real\u2010time therapeutic commands. Diverse material platforms are positioned as the central drivers of functional outputs, enabling precise electrical stimulation, on\u2010demand drug delivery, mechanical actuation, and optical modulation, as demonstrated in artificial pancreas systems, neurointerventions, and smart wound dressings. 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