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Despite various clinical interventions, recurrence remains frequent, largely due to the lack of physiologically relevant in vitro models for mechanistic investigation and drug screening. Here, we present a biomimetic urethra\u2010on\u2010a\u2010chip platform that integrates microfluidics, three\u2010dimensional (3D) printing, and near\u2010field electrospinning to recapitulate the structural and biochemical complexity of the native urethra. The device features polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels coupled with a multilayered polycaprolactone (PCL) membrane, functionalized using a bladder acellular matrix (BAM)\u2013gelatin bioink to emulate the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment. A bilayer microchamber configuration supports spatially organized coculture of fibroblasts and urothelial cells under dynamic perfusion, reproducing physiological shear stress and nutrient gradients. Under fibrotic stimulation by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF\u2010\u03b21), the system faithfully mimicked fibroblast activation and epithelial injury, while rapamycin treatment effectively attenuated fibrotic responses, validating its potential for pharmacological testing. This urethra\u2010on\u2010a\u2010chip provides a robust, reproducible, and cost\u2010efficient platform for modeling urethral fibrosis and evaluating antifibrotic therapeutics. By bridging biofabrication, microfluidics, and tissue pathophysiology, this work establishes a versatile organ\u2010on\u2010a\u2010chip model with significant implications for translational research and personalized regenerative medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202521431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T05:00:29Z","timestamp":1770699629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Biomimetic Urethra\u2010on\u2010a\u2010Chip Platform for Modelling Fibrosis: 3D\u2010Printing and Near\u2010Field Electrospinning in BAM\u2010Functionalized Microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jiafu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai P. R. 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