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Cathode materials form a pivotal bridge between urban mining and green\u2010hydrogen technologies, coupling environmental risks with the strategic importance of critical metals. This review delivers a comprehensive overview of the recycling and upcycling landscape for the three dominant cathode families\u2014LiCoO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , LiNi\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    Co\n                    <jats:sub>y<\/jats:sub>\n                    Mn\n                    <jats:sub>1\u2010x\u2010y<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and LiFePO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    . We outline the compositional and structural features of these materials, evaluate pretreatment protocols, and critically compare pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct\u2010regeneration strategies. We then highlight how multiscale structure\u2013activity correlations guide the transformation of regenerated cathodes into high\u2010performance electrocatalysts, with emphasis on defect engineering, electronic\u2010structure modulation, interfacial coupling, and the assembly of conductive networks to accelerate both hydrogen\u2010 and oxygen\u2010evolution pathways. Finally, we propose a forward\u2010looking design framework that integrates atomic\u2010site dynamics, multimetallic synergy, and process\u2010environment co\u2010optimization, while underscoring emerging opportunities in machine\u2010learning\u2010guided inverse design, operando mechanistic mapping, and device\u2010level implementation. This review provides a conceptual blueprint for integrating battery recycling with green\u2010hydrogen production in a closed\u2010loop materials ecosystem.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202523322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T07:53:51Z","timestamp":1773302031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["From Spent Batteries to Green Hydrogen: Catalytic Upcycling of Lithium\u2010Ion Battery Cathodes for Water Electrolysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5051-9199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of New Energy China University of Petroleum (East China)  Qingdao Shandong 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