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Yet, precise spatiotemporal control of proton levels remains a formidable challenge. In this study, we introduce a near\u2010infrared (NIR)\u2010controlled nanoscale proton delivery system using upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) coated with photoacid (PA) and ferrocene (Fc). Upon 980\u00a0nm NIR stimulation, UCNPs emit UV\u2013visible emission (300\u2013500\u00a0nm), activating surface\u2010bound PA to induce transient H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    release and acidify the tumor microenvironment in vivo. This acute acidic stress reduces tumor cell glucose uptake by 50% and suppresses mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, triggering excessive autophagy that functionally drives mitochondrial dysfunction and intrinsic apoptosis\u2014a process we define as proton\u2010mediated autophagy\u2010induced apoptosis (PAA). Fc, a biodegradable peroxidase mimic and a non\u2010fluorescent quencher, is incorporated to enable real\u2010time visual quantification of proton accumulation via H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010triggered biodegradation, restoring the NIR upconversion luminescence (at 800\u00a0nm) of UCNPs. Following intravenous administration, the nanoagent achieves a six\u2010fold reduction in tumor weight and elevates proton levels in glioma, effectively triggering PAA under non\u2010invasive NIR irradiation. This work establishes a spatiotemporally controlled platform for intratumoral proton dynamics, enabling precision cancer theranostics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202523657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:50:17Z","timestamp":1777553417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Near\u2010Infrared Upconversion Modulation of Intracellular Protons for Autophagy\u2010Induced Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology  Harbin People's Republic of 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