{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:15:48Z","timestamp":1783091748992,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003006","name":"Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22\u20102 FEL\u2010006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\u20102 FEL\u2010006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200021\u2010236524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200021\u2010236524"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["955671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["955671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A key aim in spintronics is to achieve current\u2010induced magnetization switching via spin\u2010orbit torques without external magnetic fields. For this, the focus of recent work has been on introducing controlled lateral gradients across ferromagnet\/heavy\u2010metal devices, giving variations in thickness, composition, or interface quality. However, the shallow gradients achievable with growth techniques limit the impact of this approach and understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms. Here, crystalline phase gradients are patterned on a mesoscopic length scale in tungsten thin films using direct\u2010write laser annealing. Through transmission electron microscopy, resistivity, and second harmonic measurements, the continuous transformation of the phase of tungsten films from the highly spin\u2010orbit coupled, high\u2010resistivity  phase to the minimally spin\u2010orbit coupled, low\u2010resistivity  phase with increasing laser fluence is tracked. Gradients with different steepness and arbitrary shapes are patterned in the tungsten phase. When interfaced with CoFeB, current\u2010induced spin\u2010orbit torques resulting from tungsten with a sufficiently steep gradient can switch the magnetization without an applied magnetic field. Therefore, exploiting the unique microstructure of mixed\u2010phase W allows precise control of the local electronic current density and direction, as well as local spin\u2010orbit torque efficiency, providing a new avenue for the design of efficient spintronic devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202600001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T14:18:26Z","timestamp":1783088306000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Generating Unconventional Spin\u2010Orbit Torques With Patterned Phase Gradients in Tungsten Thin Films"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0941-7040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren J.","family":"Riddiford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems Department of Materials Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences Villigen PSI Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Flechsig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems Department of Materials Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences Villigen PSI Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5534-6901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Magnetism and Interface Physics Department of Materials Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3667-793X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emir","family":"Karad\u017ea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Magnetism and Interface Physics Department of Materials Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7450-5892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niklas","family":"Kercher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Magnetism and Interface Physics Department of Materials Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Goldenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Magnetism and Interface Physics Department of Materials Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PSI Center for Life Sciences Villigen PSI Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0031-9217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Gambardella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Magnetism and Interface Physics Department of Materials Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3843-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura J.","family":"Heyderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems Department of Materials Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences Villigen PSI Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2895-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ale\u0161","family":"Hrabec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems Department of Materials Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences Villigen PSI Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.91.035004","article-title":"Current\u2010Induced Spin\u2010Orbit Torques in Ferromagnetic and Antiferromagnetic Systems","volume":"91","author":"Manchon A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reviews of Modern Physics"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0607-7","article-title":"Single\u2010Shot Dynamics of Spin\u2013Orbit Torque and Spin Transfer Torque Switching in Three\u2010Terminal Magnetic Tunnel Junctions","volume":"15","author":"Grimaldi E.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Nanotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2022.169692","article-title":"Spin\u2010Orbit Torque Switching of Magnetic Tunnel Junctions for Memory 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M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4566","article-title":"Magnetization Switching by Spin\u2013Orbit Torque in an Antiferromagnet\u2013Ferromagnet Bilayer System","volume":"15","author":"Fukami S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10854","article-title":"Field\u2010Free Magnetization Reversal by Spin\u2010Hall Effect and Exchange Bias","volume":"7","author":"Brink A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.109","article-title":"Field\u2010Free Switching of Perpendicular Magnetization Through Spin\u2013Orbit Torque in Antiferromagnet\/Ferromagnet\/Oxide Structures","volume":"11","author":"Oh Y.\u2010W.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Nanotechnology"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0160-7","article-title":"Field\u2010Free Switching of a Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junction Through the Interplay of Spin\u2013Orbit and Spin\u2010Transfer Torques","volume":"1","author":"Wang M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Electronics"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0525-8","article-title":"All\u2010Electric Magnetization Switching and Dzyaloshinskii\u2013Moriya Interaction in WTe2${\\rm WTe}_2$\/Ferromagnet Heterostructures","volume":"14","author":"Shi S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Nanotechnology"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0011433","article-title":"Field\u2010Free Switching of Magnetic Tunnel Junctions Driven by Spin\u2013Orbit Torques at Sub\u2010ns Timescales","volume":"116","author":"Krizakova 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F.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46113-1","article-title":"Field\u2010Free Spin\u2013Orbit Torque Switching in Ferromagnetic Trilayers at Sub\u2010ns Timescales","volume":"15","author":"Yang Q.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202416712","article-title":"Fully Field\u2010Free Spin\u2010Orbit Torque Switching Induced by Spin Splitting Effect in Altermagnetic RuO2${\\rm RuO}_2$","volume":"37","author":"Li Z.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s44306-025-00071-6","article-title":"Field\u2010Free Spin\u2010Orbit Torques Switching and Its Applications","volume":"3","author":"Kang M.\u2010G.","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj 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Magnetic Field by Engineering a Tilted Anisotropy","volume":"112","author":"You L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"26","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202112561","article-title":"Field\u2010Free Switching of Magnetization by Tilting the Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy of Gd\/Co Multilayers","volume":"32","author":"Kim H.\u2010J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5482","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c00639","article-title":"Field\u2010Free Spin\u2013Orbit Torque Driven Switching of Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junction Through Bending Current","volume":"23","author":"Kateel V.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Letters"},{"issue":"40","key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202406552","article-title":"Efficient Generation of Out\u2010of\u2010Plane Polarized Spin Current in Polycrystalline Heavy Metal Devices with Broken Electric Symmetries","volume":"36","author":"Liu Q.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4886","article-title":"Electric Field Control of Deterministic Current\u2010Induced Magnetization Switching in a Hybrid Ferromagnetic\/Ferroelectric Structure","volume":"16","author":"Cai K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27459-2","article-title":"Electric\u2010Field Control of Field\u2010Free Spin\u2010Orbit Torque Switching via Laterally Modulated Rashba Effect in Pt\/Co\/AlOx Structures","volume":"12","author":"Kang M.\u2010G.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201907929","article-title":"Deterministic Magnetization Switching Using Lateral Spin\u2013Orbit Torque","volume":"32","author":"Cao Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2023.118705","article-title":"Field\u2010Free Spin\u2010Orbit Torque Switching of GdCo Ferrimagnet with Broken Lateral Symmetry by He Ion Irradiation","volume":"246","author":"Lee T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Materialia"},{"issue":"26","key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4732083","article-title":"Asymmetric Pt\/Co\/Pt\u2010Stack Induced Sign\u2010Control of Current\u2010Induced Magnetic Domain\u2010Wall Creep","volume":"100","author":"Lavrijsen R.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Applied Physics 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Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","first-page":"2555","article-title":"Development and Analysis of Tungsten Thin Film Coating for Solar Absorption","volume":"5","author":"Vijaya G.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials Today: Proceedings"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.GaneshandV. H.Gaidhane \u201cTungsten as an Interconnect Material for NextGeneration IC Design \u201d in2020 IEEE International IOT Electronics and Mechatronics Conference (IEMTRONICS)(IEEE 2020) 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMTRONICS51293.2020.9216452"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4753947","article-title":"Spin Transfer Torque Devices Utilizing the Giant Spin Hall Effect of Tungsten","volume":"101","author":"Pai C.\u2010F.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Applied Physics Letters"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.3.034009","article-title":"Giant Spin Hall Effect and Switching Induced by Spin\u2010Transfer Torque in a W\/Co40Fe${\\rm Co}_{40}{\\rm Fe}$40B$_{40}{\\rm B}$20$_{20}$\/MgO Structure with Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy","volume":"3","author":"Hao Q.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physical Review Applied"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10644","article-title":"Enhanced Spin\u2013Orbit Torques by Oxygen Incorporation in Tungsten Films","volume":"7","author":"Demasius K.\u2010U.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.16.064009","article-title":"Optimization of Tungsten \u03b2$\\beta$\u2010Phase Window for Spin\u2010Orbit\u2010Torque Magnetic Random\u2010Access Memory","volume":"16","author":"Vudya Sethu K. K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physical Review Applied"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.4c01538","article-title":"Enlarged Thickness Window and Maintained High Spin\u2013Orbit Torque Efficiency for Metastable Tungsten by Increasing Amorphous Crystalline: A Path Toward Low\u2010Power MRAM","volume":"7","author":"Lu S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Applied Electronic Materials"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.86.045432","article-title":"Electron Mean Free Path of Tungsten and the Electrical Resistivity of Epitaxial (110) Tungsten Films","volume":"86","author":"Choi D.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physical Review B\u2013Condensed Matter and Materials Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.Garello F.Yasin S.Couet et\u00a0al. \u201cSOT\u2010MRAM 300mm Integration for Low Power and Ultrafast Embedded Memories \u201d in2018 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits(IEEE 2018) 81\u201382.","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSIC.2018.8502269"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4995261","article-title":"Transformation of Topologically Close\u2010Packed \u03b2$\\beta$\u2010W to Body\u2010Centered Cubic \u03b1$\\alpha$\u2010W: Comparison of Experiments and Computations","volume":"147","author":"Barmak K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Chemical Physics"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201900031","article-title":"On\u2010Demand Preparation of \u03b1$\\alpha$\u2010Phase\u2010Dominated Tungsten Films for Highly Qualified Thermal Reflectors","volume":"6","author":"Wang X.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advanced Materials Interfaces"},{"issue":"46","key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22704","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.3c04404","article-title":"Structural Phase Engineering of (\u03b1$\\alpha$+ \u03b2$\\beta$)\u2010W for a Large Spin Hall Angle and Spin Diffusion Length","volume":"127","author":"Sriram K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry C"},{"issue":"26","key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202402014","article-title":"Direct Laser Writing: From Materials Synthesis and Conversion to Electronic Device Processing","volume":"36","author":"Pinheiro T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"issue":"36","key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202401129","article-title":"Patterning Magnonic Structures via Laser Induced Crystallization of Yittrium Iron Garnet","volume":"34","author":"Del Giacco A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65921-7","article-title":"Two\u2010Dimensional Gradients in Magnetic Properties Created with Direct\u2010Write Laser Annealing","volume":"16","author":"Riddiford L. 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