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However, current systems struggle with sustained and precise release. Inspired by the dynamic secretion mechanisms of the pancreas, a wearable electrically modulated semi\u2010convertible hydrogel microneedle system for insulin delivery has been developed for long\u2010term self\u2010regulation in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. This system combines a non\u2010covalent electro\u2010responsive silk fibroin network and a polyethylene glycol\/chitosan matrix, integrated with flexible electrodes that exhibit a partial gel\u2010sol phase transition under 1.2 V electrical stimulation. In hyperglycemic conditions, the electric field induces silk fibroin phase transition, triggering insulin release through electrostatic interactions and polymer network expansion. Once blood glucose normalizes, insulin is released passively via diffusion when the electric field is turned off. In type 1 diabetic mice, a single microneedle patch provides segmented control, with a 10\u2010min stimulation effect lasting up to 8 h, extendable to 16 h with further stimulation. This system offers a versatile, sustained, and precise drug delivery strategy with significant potential for chronic disease management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.73455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T07:17:09Z","timestamp":1779347829000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Electrically Modulated Semi\u2010Convertible Hydrogel Microneedles for Programmable Insulin Delivery"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Hongyue","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University  Changchun P. R. 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