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Growing evidence highlights that biomaterial\u2010mediated modulation of the neural microenvironment is essential for effective neural regeneration and functional recovery. Silk fibroin (SF), a naturally derived protein biomaterial, has attracted growing interest in neural repair owing to its tunable mechanical properties, controllable degradation, structural anisotropy, and versatile modification potential. Beyond serving as passive scaffolds, SF\u2010based biomaterials actively regulate axonal guidance, neural and glial cell behavior, and neuroinflammatory responses. This review systematically summarizes the physicochemical properties and modification strategies of SF, elucidates the underlying mechanisms by which SF\u2010based materials promote neural repair, and discusses diverse SF\u2010based material formats, including hydrogels, scaffolds, patches, nanofibers, and nerve conduits. Representative applications in peripheral nerve injury and central nervous system disorders, such as spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, ischemic stroke, and Parkinson's disease, are highlighted. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives of SF\u2010based neural biomaterials are discussed, with an emphasis on guiding the rational design and clinical translation of next\u2010generation neural repair strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.73651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T08:16:28Z","timestamp":1780992988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Engineering Silk Fibroin\u2010Based Biomaterials for Neural Repair"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Lan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silk and Silk Protein New Materials Institute of Sericulture and Tea Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Hangzhou 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