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In pursuit of sustainable development, H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    electrosynthesis via the two\u2010electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ORR) under mild, green, and decentralized conditions has emerged as a promising alternative to the industrial anthraquinone process. H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    electrosynthesis is an interfacial electrochemical process in which appropriate surface active sites are critical for achieving high performance. To realize scalable H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    production via 2e\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ORR, in situ optical characterization is crucial for elucidating interfacial mechanisms and reaction principles, thereby facilitating further technological advances. This review is organized around the progressive enhancement of spatial resolution and accessible reaction information, and systematically summarizes in situ optical characterization methods for H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    electrosynthesis via 2e\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ORR, spanning one\u2010dimensional (1D) spectroscopy, two\u2010dimensional (2D) imaging, three\u2010dimensional (3D) reaction\u2010field imaging, and multimodal coupling that correlates optical, electrochemical, and structural information. It highlights the working principles, device configurations, and representative applications of these methods, and provides perspectives on future technological innovation and practical application of in situ optical characterization for advancing sustainable and economically viable H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    electrosynthesis in support of green industry and carbon neutrality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.73737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T08:09:24Z","timestamp":1782806964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Illuminating the Interface: In Situ Optical Insights Into Two\u2010Electron ORR Pathways for H\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    O\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Electrosynthesis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory For Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University  Shenzhen P. 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianle","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Layered Materials for Value\u2010added Applications, Institute of Materials Research Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University  Shenzhen P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4369-380X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiquan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory For Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University  Shenzhen P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongping","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Research Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University  Shenzhen P. 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