{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:50:29Z","timestamp":1791910229696,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":302,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"57","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Osmotic energy, arising from the Gibbs free energy of mixing between solutions of differing salinity, is an entropy\u2010driven resource that can, in principle, deliver continuous baseload power at river\u2010sea interfaces, desalination brine outlets, and wastewater discharges. Despite this attractive thermodynamic ceiling, practical deployment of pressure\u2010retarded osmosis, reverse electrodialysis, and emerging osmotic architectures has long been constrained by membrane resistance, concentration polarization, fouling, and limited operational stability. This Review traces the evolution of osmotic energy conversion through the lens of materials science, from early polymeric and ion\u2010exchange membranes to contemporary highly selective ion pathways. By correlating pore size, surface charge density, interfacial chemistry, and hierarchical morphology with ion selectivity, power density, and durability under realistic salinity gradients, we distil general design principles that reconcile the classical permeability selectivity trade\u2010off and mitigate fouling and internal resistance. We further discuss the integration of molecular dynamics and multiscale transport modelling to rationalize ion migration in confined geometries and to guide the atomic\u2010scale engineering of nanochannels. Finally, we assess emerging directions, including scalable fabrication routes, and data\u2010driven optimization of membrane and module design that define a materials\u2010centered roadmap for translating osmotic energy from laboratory prototypes to technologically and economically relevant blue energy infrastructures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.74449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T04:44:21Z","timestamp":1786077861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["From Salinity Gradients to Sustainable Power: A Paradigm Shift in Materials, Thermodynamics, and System Design in Next\u2010Generation Osmotic Energy Harvesting"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jyoti Prakash","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomaterials &amp; System Laboratory Major of Mechatronics Engineering Faculty of Applied Energy System Jeju National University  Jeju South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vempuluru Navakoteswara","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomaterials &amp; System Laboratory Major of Mechatronics Engineering Faculty of Applied Energy System Jeju National University  Jeju South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science &amp; Technology (KAIST) Daehak\u2010ro, Yuseong\u2010gu  Daejeon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5066-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang\u2010Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomaterials &amp; System Laboratory Major of Mechatronics Engineering Faculty of Applied Energy System Jeju National University  Jeju South Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of New Energy Industry (RINEI) Jeju National University  Jeju South Korea"},{"name":"Nanomaterials &amp; 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