{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:57:06Z","timestamp":1791475026017,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"56","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFF0509400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFF0509400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52475300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52475300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024ME185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024ME185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Endowing intelligent robots with the ability to perceive and analyze complex liquid environments is essential for autonomous decision\u2010making. However, conventional liquid\u2010sensing technologies remain constrained by a fundamental trade\u2010off between transient response and recognition accuracy, a limitation stemming from the sluggish kinetics of interfacial charge transfer and complex analytical procedures. Herein, we present a bionic liquid\u2010sensing electronic skin (BLSE) inspired by the gating\u2010controlled signal transduction mechanism of ion channels on the surface of biological sensory cells. By emulating the transient signal transduction of ion channels, BLSE achieves instantaneous reconstruction of electronic pathways triggered by the contact between low\u2010impedance droplets and the high\u2010impedance sensing array. This design enables an ultrafast response and recovery time of 1.8\u00a0ms. To ensure stability in complex liquid environments, a superhydrophobic coating with a contact angle of 159\u00b0 is integrated, minimizing interfacial adhesion to allow instantaneous functional recovery and stable cyclic sensing. By coupling a multi\u2010layer interlaced electrode network with deep learning algorithms for multi\u2010channel feature extraction, BLSE demonstrates a liquid recognition accuracy of 99.58% and the ability to precisely detect droplet sliding. This gating\u2010inspired sensing paradigm offers a versatile strategy for liquid recognition, paving the way for developing intelligent autonomous systems capable of human\u2010like environmental awareness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.74482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T10:49:44Z","timestamp":1785926984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bio\u2010Inspired Gating\u2010Controlled Electronic Skin for Ultrafast Liquid Recognition and Precise Droplet Sliding Sensing in Robotic Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Xiangxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) Jilin University  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) Jilin University  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) Jilin University  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4839-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) Jilin University  Changchun China"},{"name":"The National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics Jilin University  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuechun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) Jilin University  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Pi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) Jilin University  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) Jilin University  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0537-0089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) Jilin University  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junqiu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) Jilin University  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0208-9996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shichao","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) Jilin University  Changchun China"},{"name":"Institute of Structured and Architected Materials Liaoning Academy of Materials  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1069-7035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiwu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) Jilin University  Changchun China"},{"name":"The National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics Jilin University  Changchun China"},{"name":"Institute of Structured and Architected Materials Liaoning Academy of Materials  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luquan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) Jilin University  Changchun China"},{"name":"The National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics Jilin University  Changchun China"},{"name":"Institute of Structured and Architected Materials Liaoning Academy of Materials  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201063549\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202517569"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202418108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820\u2010024\u201001575\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ady5008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaf245"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201050270\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010024\u201008003\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.07.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c13674"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2024.106862"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.129789"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c02079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202207096"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2025.105239"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016\u2010023\u201000817\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","article-title":"Bioinspired Heterogeneous Wettability Triboelectric Sensors for Sweat Collection and Monitoring","volume":"38","author":"Li X.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202526347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201062524\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010023\u201001095\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201058425\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202410885"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010020\u20101985\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202507044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.170079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12823"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c18377"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010022\u201004574\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20101499\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade0720"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2021.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20101505\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010023\u201005705\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12822"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CS00764B"}],"container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/adma.74482","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/adma.74482","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/adma.74482","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:27:59Z","timestamp":1791473279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/adma.74482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"56","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/adma.74482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.74482","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0935-9648","1521-4095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0935-9648","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74482"}}