{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:50:57Z","timestamp":1791910257332,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"57","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102022\u2010NR068144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102022\u2010NR068144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102024\u201000410962"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102024\u201000410962"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008783","name":"National Research Council of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAP22083\u2010201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAP22083\u2010201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008783","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GIST InnoCORE KH0860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GIST InnoCORE KH0860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hydrovoltaic power generation offers a promising route for sustainable energy generation, yet existing systems typically rely on evaporation\u2010driven flow or environmental moisture gradients, limiting device encapsulation and compact integration. Here, we introduce a confinement\u2010induced ion\u2010selective mechanism that enables sealed hydrovoltaic power generation from minimal water input. By engineering asymmetric nanochannel confinement in MXene\/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composites, localized hydration generates spatially distinct cation selectivity, establishing a persistent ion gradient and a confinement\u2010dependent Donnan potential that drives capacitive charge accumulation. The harvested energy derives from substantial interfacial free energy released upon hydration of nanochannels with a high surface\u2010to\u2010volume ratio. Slow capillary migration then delays relaxation of the ion gradient, sustaining this charging and prolonging the resulting direct current (DC) output, without reliance on evaporation\u2010driven flow or ambient humidity. Consequently, a single 3 \u00b5L water droplet enables stable DC output for up to 45\u00a0h. The device operates robustly under airflow (5\u201320 L min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), relative humidity (17%\u201390%), and various electrolytes (tap water, seawater, and sweat), demonstrating humidity\u2010insensitive, sealed operation. This confinement\u2010governed hydrovoltaic framework expands the mechanistic understanding of water\u2010enabled energy generation and provides a scalable platform for wearable and distributed electronics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.74566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T07:56:30Z","timestamp":1786521390000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Confinement\u2010Induced Donnan Potential Enables Sealed Hydrovoltaic Power From Microliter Water"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2458-5176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangyun","family":"Na","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan Metropolitan City Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0637-4662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geonyoung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan Metropolitan City Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoojin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan Metropolitan City Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7023-086X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Goo","family":"Ro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan Metropolitan City Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8992-6317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheolhong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan Metropolitan City Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6320-034X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeonghee","family":"Yeom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan Metropolitan City Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9597-6863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan Metropolitan City Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeeyoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan Metropolitan City Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyejin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan Metropolitan City Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9365-9016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeji","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan Metropolitan City Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2111-6101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunhyub","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan Metropolitan City Republic of Korea"},{"name":"GIST InnoCOREAI\u2010Nano Convergence Institute for Early Detection of Neurodegenerative Diseases Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology  Gwangju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm8047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202201586"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010020\u20102010\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565\u2010021\u201000903\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201705925"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202002762"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201700551"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4582"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.56"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201504299"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl302560k"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201502477"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201901798"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c10747"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EE01881H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201032105\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202200693"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.300"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c01761"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202400856"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202418823"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202419753"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202312209"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300398"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk4620"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202308620"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201044626\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c08871"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40580\u2010021\u201000259\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565\u2010024\u201001691\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE02190C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EE00828F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EE00859E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.154167"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b04375"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202413779"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c03664"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2021.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201036039\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1954899"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c08457"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201500044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02376083"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b08895"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202301163"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am201654b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201050832\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14061160"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.06.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202208933"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202314231"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EE02616A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202406901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202415533"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202103897"}],"container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/adma.74566","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/adma.74566","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/adma.74566","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:14:10Z","timestamp":1791908050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/adma.74566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"57","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/adma.74566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.74566","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0935-9648","1521-4095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0935-9648","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74566"}}