{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:58:25Z","timestamp":1791475105458,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"56","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCENW.M20.047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCENW.M20.047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During neural development, cells generate and respond to mechanical forces within their microenvironment while they migrate and differentiate. These forces are central to the development of the human brain, as they are transduced into intracellular signals that regulate key neurobiological processes and may be involved in pathological processes. However, measurement of such forces in the nanonewton (nN) range within a three\u2010dimensional (3D) microenvironment remains technically challenging and computationally intensive. Here, we present a solution to this challenge, based on elastomeric 3D microstructures fabricated via two\u2010photon polymerization (2PP) and a tailored wet\u2010etching process. The resulting free\u2010standing beam architectures enable the quantification of nN forces exerted by pluripotent stem cell\u2010derived neuroepithelial progenitor cells. We characterized the morphology of the cells and the forces they exerted using live\u2010cell confocal imaging microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), supported by an in\u2010house routine for intensity\u2010based deflection measurements with sub\u2010pixel resolution, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Using this platform, we precisely quantified neuronal traction forces down to 1.2 nN from both healthy neural cells and those carrying a TSC2 gene mutation linked to tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). The proposed elastomeric microenvironment paves the way for investigating cytoskeletal mechanics, neuromechanobiology in 3D, and for developing in vitro disease treatment models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.74596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T09:06:18Z","timestamp":1786957578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elastomeric 3D\u2010Printed Microenvironments Enable Nanonewton Force Measurements in Healthy and Diseased Human Pluripotent Stem Cell\u2010Derived Neuroepithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Pieter F. J.","family":"van Altena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Delft University of Technology  Delft The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia Castillo","family":"Ransanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry Emma Center for Personalized Medicine Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben H.","family":"Guis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Delft University of Technology  Delft The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Bergamaschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy and Cytometry Core Facility Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanne J.","family":"Paauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy and Cytometry Core Facility Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urs","family":"Staufer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Delft University of Technology  Delft The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4416-3875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivi M.","family":"Heine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry Emma Center for Personalized Medicine Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Complex Trait Genetics Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0442-3652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Accardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Delft University of Technology  Delft The 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